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. 2021 Nov 18;4(1):138–159. doi: 10.1007/s42438-021-00274-0

Table 2.

Conceptual understanding between remote and on-site students (Case analysis 1)

Dependent variable: conceptual understanding Level of presence as independent variable
Remote students present from a distance On-site students physically present Statistical testing Significance
M (SD) M (SD) Independent sample t-test p-value
Pre-test score out of 10 3.53 (2.66) 3.98 (2.51) .54 .59
Post-test score out of 10 6.48 (1.50) 6.66 (1.88) .34 .73