Table 3.
Comparison of affective engagement scales in the different learning settings
| Dependent variables | Educational setting as independent variable | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
On campus (N = 58) |
Remote on screen with interaction (N = 33) | Remote through livestream (M = 15) | Significance of ANOVA’s | |
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||
| 1. Interest/enjoyment (1–7) | 5.67 (0.78)* | 4.57 (1.01)* | 3.83 (1.41) | < .001 |
| 2. Relatedness (1–7) | 5.05 (1.20)* | 4.02 (0.98) | 3.13 (1.51) | < .001 |
| 3. Pressure/tension (1–7) | 3.05 (1.11)* | 3.46 (1.13)* | 3.84 (1.37) | < .05 |
| 4. Value/usefulness (1–7) | 5.60 (0.76)* | 5.36 (0.78)* | 4.76 (1.01)* | < .01 |
| 5. Flow/autotelic experience (1–7) | 4.46 (1.14)* | 4.01 (1.09) | 3.57 (0.94) | < .01 |
| 6. Cognitive absorption (1–7) | 4.46 (0.90)* | 4.44 (0.78)* | 3.75 (0.84) | < .05 |
| 7. Sense of presence (1–100) | 90 (13)* | 74 (14)* | 51 (26) | < .001 |
| 8. Sense of belonging (1–100) | 84 (21)* | 49 (26) | 32 (26)* | < .001 |
Mean scores presented in bold with an asterisk do significantly differ from the neutral score (i.e. 4 for variables 1 to 6 measured on a 7-point Likert scale, and 50 for variables 7 and 8 measured on a scale 1–100)