Table 2.
Baseline Bone Mineral Density by Tertile of Total Dietary Protein Intake: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study
| Dietary Protein Tertile, % of Total Energy Intake | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <13% | 13%–15% | ≥15% | Linear Trend p Value | |
| Total hip (g/cm2) | ||||
| Base modela | 0.890 ± 0.005 a | 0.891 ± 0.005 a | 0.918 ± 0.005 b | <.001 |
| Full modelb | 0.896 ± 0.010 a | 0.895 ± 0.010 a | 0.912 ± 0.010 b | .02 |
| Femoral neck (g/cm2) | ||||
| Base modela | 0.748 ± 0.005 a | 0.748 ± 0.005 a | 0.770 ± 0.005 b | <.001 |
| Full modelb | 0.753 ± 0.009 a,b | 0.751 ± 0.009 a | 0.764 ± 0.009 b | .06 |
| Whole body (g/cm2) | ||||
| Base modela | 1.091 ± 0.004 a | 1.093 ± 0.004 a | 1.112 ± 0.004 b | <.001 |
| Full modelb | 1.108 ± 0.008 a,b | 1.107 ± 0.008 a | 1.119 ± 0.008 b | .05 |
| L3 trabecular vertebra (mg/cm3) | ||||
| Base modela | 118.3 ± 2.1 a | 120.6 ± 2.0 a | 127.2 ± 1.9 b | <.001 |
| Full modelb | 123.8 ± 4.2 a | 126.1 ± 4.2 a,b | 131.2 ± 4.2 b | .01 |
| L3 cortical vertebra (mg/cm3) | ||||
| Base modela | 288.3 ± 2.9 a | 289.7 ± 2.8 a | 299.8 ± 2.6 b | .002 |
| Full modelb | 297.6 ± 5.8 a | 298.6 ± 5.8 a,b | 305.5 ± 5.8 b | .03 |
| L3 integral vertebra (mg/cm3) | ||||
| Base modela | 245.4 ± 2.7 a | 247.1 ± 2.6 a | 256.9 ± 2.4 b | <.001 |
| Full modelb | 253.2 ± 5.4 a | 254.8 ± 5.4 a,b | 261.6 ± 5.3 b | .02 |
Notes: Data are presented as least square means ± SE. Different letters (a, b) indicate statistically significant differences between protein tertiles.
aBase model adjusted for age, gender, race, study site, and energy intake (all measured at baseline). bFull model adjusted for age, gender, race, study site, smoking status, alcohol consumption, education, physical activity, body mass index, energy intake, osteoporosis medications, dietary calcium intake, calcium and vitamin D supplement use, estrogen therapy, cognitive function, and osteoporosis diagnosis (all measured at baseline).