Table 2.
Association Between Baseline Lifestyle Factors and Frailty Transitions From Baseline to the Second Resurvey
| Robust Worsening | Prefrail Worsening | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | <60 y | ≥60 y | ||||||
| Cases | OR (95% CI) | Cases | OR (95% CI) | Cases | OR (95% CI) | Cases | OR (95% CI) | |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Nonsmoking | 5 470 | 1.00 | 4 270 | 1.00 | 1 200 | 1.00 | 600 | 1.00 |
| Former smokera | 225 | 1.06 (0.86–1.31) | 123 | 1.03 (0.79–1.33) | 102 | 1.25 (0.85–1.83) | 30 | 1.78 (1.12–2.85) |
| 1–14 cig/d | 775 | 1.10 (0.96–1.25) | 489 | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 286 | 1.42 (1.08–1.87) | 91 | 1.32 (0.98–1.78) |
| 15–24 cig/d | 1 003 | 1.25 (1.10–1.42) | 766 | 1.16 (1.01–1.34) | 237 | 1.66 (1.22–2.24) | 84 | 1.41 (1.02–1.95) |
| ≥25 cig/d | 443 | 1.47 (1.24–1.74) | 345 | 1.35 (1.12–1.63) | 98 | 1.90 (1.24–2.90) | 39 | 1.48 (0.97–2.25) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
| Nondrinking | 6 494 | 1.00 | 4 956 | 1.00 | 1 538 | 1.00 | 717 | 1.00 |
| Former drinker | 263 | 1.14 (0.94–1.38) | 159 | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | 104 | 1.28 (0.87–1.89) | 46 | 0.94 (0.66–1.33) |
| Weekly or <15/30 g/db | 613 | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 485 | 0.98 (0.86–1.13) | 128 | 0.70 (0.52–0.94) | 49 | 0.84 (0.60–1.17) |
| ≥15/30 g/d | 546 | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 393 | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | 153 | 0.76 (0.56–1.04) | 32 | 0.77 (0.51–1.16) |
| Eating fruit and vegetables | ||||||||
| Daily | 1 312 | 1.00 | 968 | 1.00 | 344 | 1.00 | 155 | 1.00 |
| Less than daily | 6 604 | 1.23 (1.12–1.35) | 5 025 | 1.22 (1.10–1.36) | 1 579 | 1.23 (0.97–1.56) | 689 | 1.24 (0.99–1.54) |
| Physical activity (MET-h/d) | ||||||||
| Quartile 1 (lowest) | 1 945 | 1.09 (0.99–1.21) | 1 133 | 1.10 (0.98–1.23) | 812 | 0.94 (0.70–1.26) | 335 | 1.05 (0.81–1.37) |
| Q2 | 2 083 | 1.02 (0.93–1.13) | 1 495 | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) | 588 | 0.81 (0.61–1.09) | 227 | 0.93 (0.71–1.21) |
| Q3 | 1 968 | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 1 653 | 1.03 (0.93–1.12) | 315 | 0.93 (0.69–1.25) | 170 | 1.10 (0.85–1.42) |
| Q4 (highest) | 1 920 | 1.00 | 1 712 | 1.00 | 208 | 1.00 | 112 | 1.00 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| <18.5 | 317 | 1.15 (0.97–1.36) | 208 | 1.20 (0.99–1.45) | 109 | 1.01 (0.71–1.43) | 30 | 0.87 (0.58–1.30) |
| 18.5–23.9 | 3 907 | 1.00 | 2 929 | 1.00 | 978 | 1.00 | 354 | 1.00 |
| 24.0–27.9 | 2 724 | 1.13 (1.05–1.22) | 2 107 | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) | 617 | 1.21 (1.00–1.48) | 317 | 1.19 (0.99–1.42) |
| ≥28.0 | 968 | 1.54 (1.37–1.74) | 749 | 1.52 (1.34–1.74) | 219 | 1.67 (1.22–2.29) | 143 | 1.26 (0.98–1.61) |
| WHR | ||||||||
| Men < 0.90, women < 0.85 | 3 269 | 1.00 | 2 534 | 1.00 | 735 | 1.00 | 278 | 1.00 |
| Men 0.90–0.94, women 0.85–0.89 | 2 517 | 1.13 (1.04–1.22) | 1 935 | 1.13 (1.04–1.23) | 582 | 1.14 (0.94–1.40) | 247 | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) |
| Men ≥ 0.95, women ≥ 0.90 | 2 130 | 1.35 (1.23–1.49) | 1 524 | 1.39 (1.25–1.54) | 606 | 1.24 (0.99–1.54) | 319 | 1.21 (0.99–1.49) |
Notes: BMI = body mass index; MET = metabolic equivalent task; WHR = waist-to-hip ratio. Multivariable model was adjusted for age, sex, 10 study area, education, and lifestyle factors listed in the table. In the analysis of robust worsening, those remained robust were set as the reference group; in the analysis of prefrail worsening, those remained or improved were set as the reference group. All the p values for interaction between lifestyle factors and age were >.05.
aFormer smoker refers to those who stopped smoking for reasons other than illness. Those who stopped smoking due to illness were classified as daily smoker.
bDrinking <30 g/d of pure alcohol in men or <15 g/d in women.