Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of Cognitive Functioning and Social Relations Across Time
| Variables | T1 | T2 | T3 | SMD | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | M | SD | Range | n | M | SD | Range | n | M | SD | Range | T1–T2 | T2–T3 | |
| 1 Information | 496 | 16.24 | 4.57 | 1–24 | 313 | 16.27 | 4.49 | 2–24 | 105 | 16.21 | 4.14 | 5–23 | 0.01 | −0.01 |
| 2 Similarities | 496 | 24.37 | 6.19 | 2–32 | 313 | 24.50 | 6.03 | 0–32 | 104 | 24.94 | 4.60 | 6–31 | 0.02 | 0.07 |
| 3 Letter Fluency | 494 | 30.15 | 9.37 | 6–66 | 312 | 28.80 | 9.26 | 5–58 | 111 | 28.30 | 10.16 | 0–66 | −0.14 | −0.05 |
| 4 Picture Completion | 494 | 12.10 | 3.59 | 1–17 | 311 | 11.79 | 4.08 | 0–17 | 102 | 12.10 | 3.39 | 0–17 | −0.09 | 0.08 |
| 5 Block Design | 496 | 24.35 | 8.50 | 4–46 | 312 | 24.13 | 8.11 | 1–43 | 106 | 22.96 | 7.66 | 0–44 | −0.03 | −0.14 |
| 6 Network diversity | 447 | 4.31 | 1.92 | 1–10 | 305 | 4.19 | 1.98 | 0–9 | 107 | 3.64 | 1.82 | 1–10 | −0.06 | −0.28 |
| 7 Emotional support | 445 | 3.96 | 0.50 | 1.62–5 | 306 | 3.94 | 0.50 | 1.75–5 | 150 | 3.85 | 0.51 | 2.25–5 | −0.04 | −0.19 |
| 8 Practical support | 445 | 3.79 | 0.59 | 1.33–5 | 306 | 3.90 | 0.55 | 1.33–5 | 150 | 3.80 | 0.54 | 2–5 | 0.20 | −0.18 |
| 9 Social integration | 445 | 3.93 | 0.50 | 2.54–5 | 306 | 3.92 | 0.49 | 2.46–5 | 150 | 3.81 | 0.52 | 2.62–5 | −0.02 | −0.23 |
Notes: Range refers to the observed range in the sample; SMD = standardized mean difference, i.e., differences between the average scores at two time points divided by the standard deviation of the scores at the earlier time point (single-group pretest–posttest raw score; Morris & DeShon, 2002). The SMD values indicate that most variables slightly declined over time.