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. 2021 Nov 4;11:768108. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.768108

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Mechanisms of action of drugs that may target the BBB to treat SAE. Dexmedetomidine activates α2A adrenoceptors on astrocytes to inhibit the extracellular release of high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) and reduce the levels of Interleukin(IL)-6 and IL-1β in brain tissue; Insulin inhibits the activity of Nuclear factor-k-gene binding (NF-κB) in astrocytes and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)s in microglia after lowering blood sugar; Citrate-covered gold nanoparticles (Cit-AuNP) or targeted inhibition of Poldip2 inhibits the nuclear translocation process of Nuclear factor-k-gene binding (NF-κB) in endothelial cells to reduce the secretion of Intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2); TPPU(N-[1-(1-oxopropyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N’-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-urea) inhibits Cluster of differentiation (CD)40 by inhibiting soluble epoxide hydrolase (SEH), and reduces the secretion of Tumour Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β and IL-6; 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH) or Fish oil (FO) maintain the steady state of Sphingolipid by inhibiting Myeloperoxidase (MPO); P110(an inhibitor of dynamin-related protein-1(Drp1)-Fission 1(Fis1) interaction) inhibits the Drp1-Fis1 interaction; UCF-101(an inhibitor of Omi/HtrA2) inhibits the translocation of Omi/high-temperature requirement serine protease A2 (HtrA2) from mitochondria to cytoplasm, antagonizes the Caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway and reduces poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) levels, while also protecting the tight junctions (TJs) protein; Injection of immunoglobulin G or a combination of immunoglobulin A and M inhibits complement(C)5a.