Table 4.

Communication Ratings Pre and Post CHATO (n = 102)

Training period	Effective communication	Appropriate communication	Recognizes elderspeak	Recognizes person-centered communication
Pretraining—Mean (SD)	2.7 (1.2)	3.1 (1.2)	0.6 (0.2)	0.5 (0.4)
Posttraining—Mean (SD)	2.1 (1.1)	2.2 (1.1)	0.7 (0.3)	0.3 (0.4)
Change (post–pre)—Mean (SD)	-0.6 (1.5)	-0.9 (1.5)	0.2 (0.4)	-0.2 (0.5)
p	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001

Notes: CHATO = Changing Talk Online; SD = standard deviation. Effective rating: mean score for one item scored 1 = ineffective to 5 = effective; lower score indicates improvement. Appropriate rating: mean score for one item scored 1 = inappropriate to 5 = appropriate; lower score indicates improvement. Recognizes elderspeak subscale: mean score for six items scored yes (1) or no (0); higher score indicates improvement. Recognizes person-centered communication subscale: mean score for three items scored yes (1) or no (0); lower score indicates improvement. p Values are for the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.