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. 2021 Apr 28;42(6):691–719. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnab015

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© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Figure 1. — Schematic of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal reproductive axis and summary of the direct effects on bone. Green shading denotes predominantly positive effect and red shading predominantly negative effects on skeletal homeostasis. Gray shading denotes no direct or uncertain overall effects on skeletal homeostasis. ARC, hypothalamic arcuate nucleus; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; FSHR, follicle-stimulating hormone receptor; GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone; GnRHR, gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor; KISS1, kisspeptin gene; KISS1R, kisspeptin receptor gene; LH, luteinizing hormone; LHR, luteinizing hormone receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; PRLR, prolactin receptor.