Table 1.

Patients' characteristics and implanted electrodes data.

Patient	Age at surgery (years)	Pathology	Electrode location	Number of electrodes						Ripple frequency at onset (Hz)
				Implant	Seizure onset *1	Marked spikes *2	Ripple onset *2	Coincidence of seizure and ripple onset	Resection
1	14	Cortical tuber	Rt P, T, O	134	5	2	2	1	18	80–130
2	15	FCD	Lt P, T, O, and hippocampus	104	4	3	4	0	31	80–150
3	18	FCD	Lt P, T, O, and hippocampus	54	3	2	3	0	29	80–130
4	19	FCD	Rt F	52	3	1	1	0	8	80–150
5	27	Hippocampal sclerosis	Lt F, P, T, and hippocampus	78	7	3	4	0	46	80–150
6	28	FCD hippocampal sclerosis	Lt T and hippocampus	68	2	1	1	0	34	100–150
7	35	FCD	Rt F, bilateral T, and hippocampus	82	2	2	2	0	20	80–140
8	35	Inflammatory change	Rt T and hippocampus	28	7	1	1	1	25	80–150
9	35	Oligodendroglioma	Rt P, T, O	104	1	1	1	0	38	80–120
10	36	FCD hippocampal sclerosis	Lt T, and hippocampus	48	3	1	1	1	29	80–130
11	36	FCD hippocampal sclerosis	Rt F, bilateral T, and hippocampus	38	9	2	5	0	30	80–150
12	39	FCD	Rt F, T	36	3	1	1	1	17	80–150

F, frontal; FCD, focal cortical dysplasia; Lt, left; O, occipital; P, parietal; Rt, right; T, temporal.

^*1Presurgical evaluation by multiple epileptologists and epilepsy surgeons.

^*2Selection of electrode channels, marking of spikes and analysis of ripple onset channels by researchers who did not participate in the presurgical evaluation.