Table 1.
Participant characteristics stratified by sex
| Parameter | Male (n = 4051) |
Female (n = 5380) |
Total (n = 9431) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age (years) | 42.5 ± 13.3 | 46.5 ± 13.1 | 44.8 ± 13.4 | < 0.001 |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| No formal education | 4 (0.1) | 1 (< 0.0) | 5 (0.1) | 0.124 |
| Primary education | 33 (0.8) | 35 (0.6) | 68 (0.7) | |
| Lower secondary | 167 (4.1) | 152 (2.8) | 319 (3.3) | |
| Higher secondary | 558 (13.8) | 724 (13.5) | 1282 (13.6) | |
| Third-level degree | 2124 (52.4) | 2984 (55.5) | 5108 (54.2) | |
| Postgraduate degree | 1165 (28.8) | 1484 (27.6) | 2649 (28.1) | |
| Anthropometric | ||||
| Height (cm) | 178.9 ± 6.8 | 164.9 ± 6.3 | 170.9 ± 9.5 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass (kg) | 83.6 ± 12 | 66.5 ± 10.8 | 73.8 ± 14.1 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 3.3 | 24.5 ± 3.8 | 25.2 ± 3.7 | < 0.001 |
| Body composition | ||||
| Lean mass (kg) | 60.74 ± 7.4 | 42.19 ± 5.4 | 50.16 ± 11.1 | < 0.001 |
| Skeletal muscle index (kg/m2) | 8.92 ± 1.0 | 6.77 ± 0.8 | 7.69 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 20.51 ± 8.5 | 22.62 ± 8.2 | 21.72 ± 8.4 | < 0.001 |
| Bone mineral density (g/cm2) | 1.34 ± 0.12 | 1.18 ± 0.11 | 1.25 ± 0.14 | < 0.001 |
| Android/gynoid ratio | 0.58 ± 0.20 | 0.37 ± 0.16 | 0.46 ± 0.21 | < 0.001 |
| Strength and fitness | ||||
| Grip strength (kg) | 49.3 ± 8.6 | 30.3 ± 5.4 | 38.5 ± 10.5 | < 0.001 |
| VO2max (ml/kg/min) | 43.9 ± 10.2 | 34.4 ± 8.9 | 38.5 ± 10.5 | < 0.001 |
| Health and lifestyle | ||||
| No. of diseases/disorders | 0.9 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 1.4 | 1.1 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity | 4.3 ± 2 | 4.0 ± 2.1 | 4.1 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 |
Physical activity: days per week performing ≥ 30 min of moderate intensity exercise