Table 3.
Antioxidants Associated With Vaginal HPV Infection Status
| Unadjusted | Adjusteda | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomarker (Unit) | Low-Risk HPV vs No HPV OR (95% CI) | High-Risk HPV vs No HPV OR (95% CI) | Low-Risk HPV vs No HPV OR (95% CI) | High-Risk HPV vs No HPV OR (95% CI) | Sample Size |
| Endogenous Antioxidants b | |||||
| Bilirubin (µmol/L) | 0.79 (0.67–0.94)** | 0.84 (0.70–1.00)* | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 0.95 (0.81–1.11) | 7400 |
| Ferritin (µg/L) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.06 (0.95–1.17) | 4188 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 0.25 (0.13–0.49)*** | 0.16 (0.07–0.34)*** | 0.68 (0.29–1.63) | 0.29 (0.11–0.76)* | 7405 |
| Uric acid (µmol/L) | 1.24 (0.94–1.63) | 1.15 (0.93–1.42) | 1.33 (0.92–1.92) | 1.22 (0.92–1.61) | 7404 |
| Dietary Antioxidants b | |||||
| Vitamin A, RAE (mcg) | 0.84 (0.76–0.93)** | 0.75 (0.68–0.82)*** | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 0.89 (0.8–0.98)* | 7548 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | 0.77 (0.67–0.89)** | 0.72 (0.63–0.83)*** | 0.88 (0.75–1.04) | 0.84 (0.72–0.98)* | 7548 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 0.87 (0.82–0.92)*** | 0.85 (0.80–0.91)*** | 0.93 (0.87–1.00)* | 0.94 (0.88–1.02) | 7548 |
| Vitamin D (mcg) | 0.93 (0.87–1.00)* | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0.99 (0.90–1.07) | 1.03 (0.95–1.07) | 5512 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 0.77 (0.68–0.86)*** | 0.7 (0.62–0.79)*** | 0.84 (0.70–1.00)* | 0.83 (0.7–0.97)* | 7548 |
| Alpha-carotene (mcg) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00)* | 0.94 (0.92–0.96)*** | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 7548 |
| Selenium (mcg) | 0.87 (0.76–0.99)* | 0.83 (0.71–0.96)* | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) | 0.86 (0.69–1.06) | 7548 |
| Lycopene (mcg) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00)* | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 7548 |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin (mcg) | 0.89 (0.84–0.95)** | 0.82 (0.77–0.88)*** | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) | 7548 |
| Beta-cryptoxanthin (mcg) | 0.97 (0.94–1.00)* | 0.94 (0.91–0.96)*** | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 7548 |
| Folate, DFE (mcg) | 0.73 (0.64–0.84)*** | 0.72 (0.63–0.82)*** | 0.81 (0.69–0.95)** | 0.79 (0.69–0.92)** | 7548 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DFE, dietary folate equivalents; HPV, human papillomavirus; OR, odds ratio; RAE, retinol activity equivalents.
*P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001 based on multinomial logistic models; bold: adjusted P < .05 for high-risk HPV.
aMultinomial logistic model adjusted for 9 factors (age, race, education, income, marital status, smoking status, lifetime illegal substance use, past 12-month alcohol intake, number of sexual partners in past 12 months).
bBased on log-transformed measures.