Table 1.

Environmental Factors Affecting Classic Mendelian Disease Presentations

Disease	Environmental risk factor	Reference
Cystic fibrosis	Pathogenic microorganisms Tobacco smoking E-cigarette vaping Air pollution Dietary factors Temperature	Wolfenden and Schechter (2009), Collaco et al. (2010), Collaco et al. (2011), Schindler et al. (2015), Garcia-Arcos et al. (2016), Ong et al. (2017), Brugha et al. (2018), Hooper and Kaufman (2018), Gotts et al. (2019)
Huntington disease	Housing conditions Environmental stimulations Physical activity Stress Caloric restrictions Dietary factors Manganese bioavailability	Williams et al. (2010), Mazarakis et al. (2014), Mo et al. (2015), Bichell et al. (2017), Bryan et al. (2019), Bryan et al. (2020), Pfalzer et al. (2020)
Parkinson’s disease	Tobacco smoking Coffee/tea Dietary factors β2-adrenoreceptor agonists/antagonists Physical activity Vitamin E Gout NSAIDs Manganese Copper Pesticides	Chen et al. (2015), Ascherio and Schwarzschild (2016), Brouwer et al. (2017), Hughes et al. (2017), Simon et al. (2017), Cao et al. (2019), Kochmanski et al. (2019), Belvisi et al. (2020)
Sickle cell disease	Climate-related factors (temperature, humidity, high altitudes, etc.) Air pollution Tobacco smoking Physical exercise SES-related factors Dietary factors	Hyacinth et al. (2010), Tewari et al. (2015), Piel et al. (2017a,b), Yarboi et al. (2017), Crouch et al. (2018), Martin et al. (2018), Parriault et al. (2019), Xu and Frenette (2019), Bills et al. (2020), Blumberg et al. (2020), Karlson et al. (2020), Wachnian et al. (2020)