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. 2021 Nov 17;11:22469. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01866-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of S1PC on IL-10-induced macrophage polarization in GM-CSF-induced BMDMs. (a) Assay scheme. (b) GM-CSF-induced BMDMs were treated with S1PC (300 µM) in the presence or absence of mIL-10 (30 ng/mL) for 48 h. The populations of M1-like macrophages (CD11b⁺, F4/80⁺, CD86⁺, and CD206^- cells), M2-like macrophages (CD11b⁺, F4/80⁺, CD86^-, and CD206⁺ cells), and M2c-like macrophages were analyzed using flow cytometry. (c–e) GM-CSF-induced BMDMs were treated with S1PC (300 µM) in the presence or absence of mIL-10 (30 ng/mL) for 48 h. Then, they were washed with PBS and treated with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 16 h. (c) The populations of M1-like macrophages, M2-like macrophages, and M2c-like macrophages were analyzed using flow cytometry. The amounts of (d) IL-12p70 and (e) TNF-α secreted into the culture media were determined using ELISA. Data are shown as mean + SD. Data are representative of three independent experiments. Statistical differences were determined using Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01).