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. 2021 Nov 17;11:22469. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01866-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of S1PC on macrophage polarization in SAMP8 mice. SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice were orally administered water and S1PC (5 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks. (a) The populations of polarized macrophages in the splenic lymphocytes obtained from the SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice were analyzed using flow cytometry. Bar graphs show the populations of M1-like macrophages, M2-like macrophages, and M2c-like macrophages. (b) The relative protein levels of Arg1 and IL-10 in the splenic lymphocytes obtained from the SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice were determined using immunoblotting. The full-length blots are shown in Supplemental Fig. S16. (c, d) The relative mRNA levels of (c) Arg1 and (d) Mrc1 in the aortas were determined using qRT-PCR. Data are shown as mean + SEM (n = 4–8/group). Statistical differences were determined using Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01).