Table 5.

Intraoperative outcomes in studies comparing robotic with open surgery

Reference	Intraoperative outcomes
	Duration of operation (min)*			Intraoperative complications (%)
	Robotic	Open	P	Robotic	Open	P
Studies with propensity matching
Carbonell et al.25	> 2 h: 45.1%	> 2 h: 12.6%	< 0.001	1.8	1.4	1.000
Martin-del-Campo et al.32	299(95)	211(63)	< 0.001	0	0	1.000
Song et al.36‡	231 (101)	163 (101)	< 0.001	1.0	1.0	1.000
Studies without propensity matching
Bittner et al.24	365(78)	287(121)	< 0.010	0	5.3	0.57¶
Dauser et al.27	253.5 (158–380)†§	211.5 (112–303)†§	0.085	–	–	–
Guzman-Pruneda et al.12	>4 h: 33%	>4 h: 18%	0.010	0	0	1.000
Nguyen et al.34‡	272.1	206.5	< 0.001	–	–	–
Reeves et al.35	260.0(78.9)	185.7(64.5)	0.017	–	–	–

^*Values are mean(s.d.) unless indicated otherwise;

^†values are median (range).

^‡Conference abstract.

^§Skin-to-skin time.

^¶Outcome significant when risk difference calculated.