Table 1.
Age-standardized characteristics of study participants in Nurses’ Health Study (1978-2014) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1988-2014) according to person-years by type 2 diabetesa
| Characteristics | Diagnosis of T2D |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHS |
HPFS |
|||
| No | Yes | No | Yes | |
| Person-years | 3 156 447 | 181 931 | 896 795 | 58 905 |
| Age, yb | 58.7 (11.9) | 68.0 (9.6) | 64.5 (11.0) | 71.3 (9.4) |
| Body mass index, kg/m² | 25.6 (4.9) | 30.6 (6.5) | 25.9 (3.6) | 28.7 (5.0) 2 |
| Race | ||||
| White, % | 96.9 | 94.3 | 95.1 | 91.6 |
| African American, % | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 3.1 |
| Asian, % | 1.0 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 3.2 |
| Others, % | 1.0 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 2.0 |
| Hypertension, % | 32.2 | 66.0 | 36.5 | 68.2 |
| High cholesterol, % | 35.6 | 58.1 | 44.4 | 68.4 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never-smokers, % | 45.1 | 44.5 | 45.5 | 37.3 |
| Past smokers, % | 37.9 | 40.9 | 48.2 | 54.7 |
| Current smokers, % | 17.0 | 14.6 | 6.4 | 8.0 |
| Family history of diabetes, % | 24.4 | 49.1 | 21.1 | 38.8 |
| Family history of cancer, % | 45.6 | 43.9 | 33.5 | 31.9 |
| Multivitamin use, % | 39.5 | 38.2 | 43.2 | 41.4 |
| Oral contraceptive use, % | 44.5 | 50.7 | — | — |
| Hormone use | ||||
| Premenopausal, % | 30.1 | 29.0 | — | — |
| Postmenopausal-never, % | 22.1 | 24.4 | — | — |
| Postmenopausal-current, % | 22.5 | 17.8 | — | — |
| Postmenopausal-past, % | 25.3 | 28.7 | — | — |
| Physical activity, median (IQR), MET-h/wk | 9.8 (3.2-22.7) | 6.7 (2.0-16.5) | 23.6 (10.0-45.0) | 18.1 (7.0-37.7) |
| Alcohol consumption, median (IQR), g/day | 2.0 (0.2-8.2) | 0.6 (0.0-2.7) | 6.5 (1.2-15.5) | 4.0 (0.7-11.7) |
| Alternative healthy eating index | 50.7 (10.3) | 49.4 (9.4) | 54.4 (10.6) | 53.2 (10.1) |
| Total energy intake (Kcal/d) | 1691 (539) | 1699 (546) | 1987 (634) | 1960 (662) |
a
Baseline characteristics based on analysis for total cancer incidence. IQR = interquartile range; MET-h/wk = Metabolic-equivalent-hours per week.
b
Value is not age adjusted.