Table 2.
LncRNAs and T cell regulation.
| lncRNA | Expression pattern | Disease | Sample | Cell line | Interaction | Signaling pathway | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IFNG-AS1 | Upregulation (in colonic tissues of IBD patients) | Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) | Colonic tissues from 11 IBD patients, | PBMCs from anonymous donors, Jurkat cells | – | – | Its overexpression augmented inflammatory cytokines expression and decrease anti-inflammatory cytokines expression in T cells. | (72) |
| lnc-ITSN1-2 | Upregulation (in intestinal mucosa and PBMC of IBD patients) | Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) | Blood samples and intestinal mucosa specimens from 120 IBD patients and 30 healthy controls | CD4+ T Cells | miR-125a, IL-23R | – | Increased proliferation and activation of CD4+ T Cells and promoted their differentiation to Th1/Th17 by targeting miR-125a and upregulation of IL-23R | (73) |
| lncRNA-CD160 | Upregulated (in CD8+ T cells of HBV infected patients) | Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection | Blood samples from 164 patients with chronic HBV infection and 67 healthy volunteers, C3H/HeN mice | CD160− CD8+ T cells and CD160+ CD8+ T cells | – | – | Decreased secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α and repressed function of CD8+ T cells by recruiting HDAC11 to promoters of IFN-γ and TNF-α and elevating methylation of H3K9Me1 | (91) |
| NEAT1 | – | Sepsis | 130 specific pathogen-free C57BL/6 male mice | CD4+ CD25+ T cells |
miR-125, MCEMP1 | – | Downregulation of NEAT1 has restricted immune response in mouse model of sepsis and induced T cell apoptosis through modulating miR-125/MCEMP1 axis | (76) |
| NEAT1 | Upregulated (in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of pSS patients) | Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) | Blood samples from 20 pSS patients and 10 healthy subjects | CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ T cells, Jurkat cells | – | MAPK signaling pathway | Promoted expression of CXCL8 and TNF-α and activated MAPK signaling pathway | (34) |
| NEAT1 | Upregulated (in the PBMCs of patients with RA) | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | Blood samples from 25 RA patients and 20 healthy controls, Male DBA/1J mice | CD4+ T cell | STAT3 | – | Its silencing prevented differentiation of Th17 cells from CD4+ T cells by downregulating STAT3 through modulating its ubiquitination. | (77) |
| NEAT1 | Upregulated (in PBMCs of HCC patients) | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) | Blood samples from 20 HCC patients and 20 healthy controls | CD8+ T cells | miR-155, Tim-3↑ | – | Its knockdown decreased apoptosis and raised cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells by miR-155-mediated downregulation of Tim-3. | (78) |
| lnc-EGFR | Upregulated (in Treg cells of HCC patients) | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) | Blood and tissue samples from 70 HCC patients and 55 healthy controls | CD4+ T cells, tumor infiltrated lymphocytes (TIL), 97H, Huh7 | EGFR | – | Induced differentiation of Treg cells and impeded CTLs function through stabilizing EGFR by interfering with its ubiquitination | (92) |
| PVT1 | Upregulated (in the CD4+T cells of patients with SS) | Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) | Blood samples and labial salivary gland tissues from SS patients and healthy controls, female C57BL/6 mice, NOD/ShiLtj mice and wild-type ICR mice | CD4+ T cell | Myc | – | Its downregulation decreased CD4+ T cells proliferation and impeded effector function in these cells through downregulation of Myc and controlling glycolysis | (93) |
| lncRNA Morrbid | – | Viral infection | C57BL/6 (WT), B6.SJL-Ptprca Pepcb/Boy (B6.SJL), and B6.129S1-Bcl2l11tm1.1Ast/J (Bcl2l11 knock-out) mice, Ifnar1tm1.1Ees (Ifnar1flox), TgCD4-Cre (CD4-cre), and Tg(TcrLCMV) (P14) mice | CD8+ T cells | – | PI3K-AKT signaling pathway | Regulates proliferation, survival and effector functions of CD8+ T cells by modulating Bcl2l11 expression and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway | (94) |
| RP11-340F14.6 | Upregulated (in JIA patients) | Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) | Blood samples from JIA and healthy controls | T cell | P2X7R | – | Increased Th17 differentiation and inhibited Treg distribution by binding to P2X7R and inducing its expression | (95) |
| MALAT1 | – | Asthma | Blood samples from 772 asthma patients and 441 healthy controls | CD4+ T cells | miR-155, CTLA4 | – | Regulated Th1/Th2 ratio by sponging miR-155 and modulating expression of CTLA4 | (79) |
| MEG3 | Upregulated (in CD4 + T cells of patients with asthma) | Asthma | Blood samples from 52 asthma patients and 45 healthy controls | CD4 + T cells | miR-17↓, RORγt | – | Elevated proportion of Th17 cells and regulated Treg/Th17 ratio by sponging miR-17 and upregulating RORγt | (80) |
| MEG3 | Downregulated (in CD4 + T cells of AA patients) | Aplastic anemia (AA) | Blood samples from 15 AA patients and 10 healthy controls | CD4+T cell | miR-23a, TIGIT | – | Its overexpression decreased proliferation of CD4+T cell and inhibited Th1 and Th17 differentiation by absorbing miR-23a and modulating expression of TIGIT | (81) |
| DQ786243 | Upregulated (in CD4+ cells of OLP patients) | Oral lichen planus (OLP) | Blood samples from 10 OLP patients and 10 healthy volunteers | CD4+ T cell | miR-146a, Foxp3 | NF-κB signaling pathway | Its overexpression increased Treg cells percentage and Foxp3 expression and promoted suppressive function of these cells by modulating Foxp3-miR-146a-NF-κB axis | (90) |
| AW112010 | Upregulated (in activated CD4+ T cells) | – | Female C57BL/6J mice | CD4+ T cells | KDM5A | – | Induces differentiation of inflammatory T cells through inhibiting expression of IL-10 via interacting with KDM5A and histone demethylation | (96) |
| GAS5 | Downregulated (in CD4+ T cells of HIV infected patients) | AIDS | Blood samples from 142 HIV infected patients and 58 healthy controls | CD4+ T cells | – | – | Regulated apoptosis rate and function of CD4+ T cells during HIV infection by modulating miR-21 | (97) |
| LINC00176 | Upregulated (in CD4+T cells of patients with SLE) | Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) | Blood samples from SLE patients and healthy individuals | CD4+ T cells | WIF1 | WNT5a signaling pathway | Raised proliferation and adhesion of CD4+T cells by reducing WIF1 levels and WNT5a pathway activation | (98) |
| lncRNA028466 | Downregulated (in CD4+ T cells of mice immunized with rEg.P29 antigen) | – | Female BALB/c mic | CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell | – | – | Implicated in regulation of cytokine expression from CD4+ T cells | (99) |
| NONHSAT196558.1 (TANCR) | – | – | Blood samples normal volunteers | Primary γδ T cells, Jurkat cells | TRAIL | – | Increased activation and cytotoxicity of γδ T cells by modulating expression of TRAIL in cis manner | (100) |
| Dreg1 | – | – | Male C57BL/6 mice | splenic CD4+ T cells from mice and human | Gata3 | – | Its expression was associated with expression of Gata3 during Th2 differentiation and regulated Gata3 expression during development of immune system | (101) |
| Gm15575 | Upregulated (in Th17 cells and spleen tissues of EAE mice) | Multiple sclerosis (MS) | C57BL/6 mice | CD4+ T cells | miR-686, CCL7 | – | Promoted Th17 differentiation by sponging miR-686 and upregulating expression of CCL7 | (102) |
| lncDDIT4 | Upregulated (in CD4+ T cells and PBMCs of patients with MS) | Multiple sclerosis (MS) | Blood samples from 36 MS patients and 26 healthy controls | naive CD4+ T cells | DDIT4 | DDIT4/mTOR Pathway | Suppressed Th17 differentiation by targeting DDIT4 and inhibiting DDIT4/mTOR signaling | (103) |
| linc-MAF-4 | Upregulated (in PBMCs of patients with MS) | Multiple sclerosis (MS) | Blood samples from 34 MS patients and 26 healthy subjects | Naive CD4+ T cells | MAF | – | Suppressed Th2 differentiation and promoted Th17 differentiation by inhibiting MAF expression | (104) |
| NKILA | Upregulated (in CTLs and TH1 cells of patients with breast and lung cancer) | Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and breast cancer | Tissue samples and blood samples from 576 h invasive breast carcinoma patients and 256 NSCLC patients, blood samples from healthy donors, NOD.SCID mice | CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), Th1, Th2 and Treg | NF-κB | – | Sensitized CTLs and Th1 cells to activation-induced cell death in tumor microenvironment and facilitated tumor immune evasion through suppression of NF-κB activity | (105) |
| IFNA-AS1 | Downregulated (in PBMCs of patients with MG) | Myasthenia gravis (MG) | Blood samples from 32 MG patients and 20 healthy volunteers, female C57/BL6 mice | CD4+ T cell, Jurkat T cell | HLA-DRB1 | – | Is implicated in regulation of Th1/Treg cell proliferation and activation of CD4 + T cells by influencing HLA-DRB1 | (106) |
| GATA3-AS1 | – | – | Blood samples from healthy volunteers | Human PBMC | GATA3 | – | Regulated polarization of Th2 cells by increasing expression of GATA3 | (107) |