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. 2021 Nov 4;9:754205. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.754205

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Copyright © 2021 Wang, Li, Wang, Liu, Cui, Liu, Ren, Zhan, Li, Wu and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bone regeneration and osseointegration in the 3D-printed composite scaffolds. (A) Masson’s trichrome staining of the regenerated bone tissue in and around the 3D-printed composite scaffolds. (B) 3D reconstruction images of different groups (the yellow substance represents the new bone tissue). (C–F) Micro-CT analyses of BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.Sp, and Tb.N in each group. (G) The analysis of the push-out test. (H) The CT images of the distal end of the implants in each group. (I) Quantitative analysis of the 2-cm-long femur at the distal end in each group. * indicates significant difference between groups, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. BV/TV, bone volume/tissue volume ratio; Tb.Th, trabecular thickness; Tb.Sp, trabecular separation; Tb.N, trabecular number.