Table 2.
Outcomes of meta-analyses (SMD [95% CI).
| Outcome | Studies | Participants | Model | I2 | p-values | Effect Estimate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin sensitivity measures, endocrine parameters, and lipid profile | ||||||
| Fasting Glucose (mmol/L) | 7 | 280 | Random | 96% | 0.27 | -0.79 [-2.17, 0.60] |
| 2-hour glucose (mmol/L) | 4 | 177 | Random | 92% | 0.16 | -0.92 [-2.22, 0.38] |
| Fasting Insulin (μIU/mL) | 5 | 192 | Random | 52% | 0.47 | -0.16 [-0.60, 0.28] |
| 2-hour insulin (μIU/mL) | 4 | 177 | Random | 57% | 0.005 | -0.79 [-1.33, -0.24] |
| HOMA2-IR | 6 | 293 | Fixed | 0% | 0.003 | -0.36 [-0.59, -0.12] |
| HOMA2-IS (%) | 2 | 138 | Fixed | 0% | 0.13 | -0.26 [-0.59, 0.08] |
| HbA1c (%) | 2 | 114 | Random | 80% | 0.65 | 0.27 [-0.90, 1.44] |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 5 | 307 | Fixed | 0% | 0.05 | -0.22 [-0.01, -0.45] |
| TG (mmol/L) | 6 | 337 | Fixed | 0% | 0.009 | -0.02 [-0.50, -0.07] |
| Total cholesterol (TC) (mmol/L) | 6 | 337 | Random | 68% | 0.04 | -0.48 [-0.11, -1.07] |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 5 | 307 | Random | 59% | <0.0001 | -0.92 [-0.53, -1.31] |
| TC/HDL-c | 4 | 177 | Fixed | 0% | 0.03 | -0.07 [-0.14, -0.01] |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 4 | 178 | Fixed | 9% | 0.54 | 0.09 [-0.20, 0.39] |
| Fasting insulin/glucose ratio | 4 | 190 | Random | 88% | 0.46 | -0.37 [-1.34, 0.61] |
| Total insulin AUC (μIU/ml∗ min) | 2 | 80 | Random | 81% | 0.92 | 0.07 [-1.16, 1.29] |
| Total glucose AUC (mmol/L∗ min) | 2 | 80 | Random | 82% | 0.83 | 0.14 [-1.15, 1.42] |
| Incremental glucose AUC (mmol/L∗ min) | 2 | 80 | Random | 70% | 0.57 | 0.28 [-0.69, 1.25] |
| SHBG (nmol/L) | 3 | 117 | Random | 67% | 0.04 | -0.72 [-1.42, -0.02] |
| FAI (%) | 2 | 98 | Random | 0% | <0.0001 | 1.16 [0.72, 1.59] |
| LH (IU/L) | 4 | 215 | Fixed | 27% | 0.03 | -0.30 [-0.57, -0.03] |
| FSH (IU/L) | 4 | 215 | Fixed | 0% | 0.0002 | 0.19 [-0.65, 1.04] |
| Testosterone (ng/dl) | 6 | 329 | Random | 42% | 0.0009 | -0.52 [-0.83, -0.22] |
| Androstenedione (A4) (ng/dl) | 2 | 63 | Fixed | 0% | 0.73 | 0.09 [-0.41, 0.58] |
| DHEAS (ng/ml) or ug/dl | 4 | 193 | Random | 78% | 0.34 | 0.33 [-0.35, 1.00] |
| Prolactin (ng/ml) |
3 |
165 |
Random |
68% |
0.16 |
-0.43 [-1.02, 0.17] |
| Anthropometrics, body composition measures, and physiologic measures | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 8 | 258 | Fixed | 22% | 0.83 | -0.03 [-0.27, 0.22] |
| Weight (kg) | 8 | 298 | Random | 83% | 0.17 | -0.43 [-1.05, 0.18] |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 2 | 110 | Fixed | 0% | 0.002 | -6.16 [-10.12, -2.20] |
| Trunk fat mass (kg) | 2 | 80 | Random | 76% | 0.77 | 0.16 [-0.93, 1.25] |
| Percent body fat (%) | 3 | 129 | Random | 78% | 0.77 | 0.52 [-2.99, 4.03] |
| Total body fat mass (kg) | 2 | 110 | Fixed | 0% | <0.0001 | -2.90 [-3.63, -2.17] |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 2 | 80 | Fixed | 0% | 1.00 | 0.00 [-0.44, 0.44] |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 2 | 80 | Random | 46% | 0.72 | -0.77 [-4.99, 3.44] |
| Total body lean mass (kg) |
2 |
110 |
Fixed |
0% |
0.06 |
-0.37 [-0.75, 0.01] |
| Dietary parameters | ||||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 7 | 258 | Random | 82% | 0.19 | -0.44 [-1.11, 0.22] |
| Fat (% of total Energy) | 6 | 240 | Random | 53% | 0.40 | 0.17 [-0.23, 0.56] |
| Total fat (g) | 3 | 123 | Random | 78% | 0.50 | 0.30 [-0.58, 1.18] |
| Protein (% of total energy) | 6 | 240 | Random | 94% | 0.10 | 1.08 [-0.20, 2.36] |
| Total protein (g) | 3 | 123 | Random | 87% | 0.08 | -1.14 [-2.44, 0.15] |
| Carbohydrate (% of total energy) | 7 | 258 | Random | 92% | 0.009 | -1.44 [-2.52, -0.35] |
| Total carbohydrate (g) | 3 | 123 | Fixed | 39% | 0.78 | 0.05 [-0.31, 0.41] |
| Glycemic index | 4 | 143 | Random | 95% | 0.04 | -2.87 [-5.58, -0.16] |
| Glycemic load | 4 | 143 | Random | 91% | 0.04 | -1.58 [-3.09, -0.06] |
| Saturated fatty acid (SFA) gr/day | 4 | 141 | Random | 96% | 0.26 | -1.66 [-4.53, 1.22] |
| MUFA (g/day) | 3 | 124 | Fixed | 32% | 0.11 | 0.27 [-0.22, 0.79] |
| PUFA (g/day) | 4 | 163 | Random | 96% | 0.10 | 1.68 [-0.30, 3.65] |
| SFA (g/day) | 4 | 197 | Random | 96% | 0.003 | -0.49 [-0.81, -0.17] |
| Fiber (g) | 5 | 191 | Random | 90% | 0.02 | 2.81 [0.42, 5.21] |
|
Cholesterol intake (mg/day) |
6 |
231 |
Random |
84% |
0.01 |
-0.76 [-1.48, -0.046] |
| Clinical outcomes (Change in PCOSQ domains) | ||||||
| Emotional health | 3 | 132 | Random | 89% | 0.01 | -1.97 [-3.54, -0.40] |
| Body hair | 3 | 132 | Fixed | 0% | <0.0001 | -0.40 [-0.46, -0.35] |
| Fertility | 3 | 132 | Random | 79% | 0.01 | 1.45 [0.30, 2.61] |
| Menstrual concerns | 3 | 132 | Random | 96% | 0.19 | -1.58 [-3.94, 0.77] |