Table 4.
Association of body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist circumference (WC) cut-off groups (stratified by physical activity) with gray matter cerebral blood flow (CBFGM)
| β (95% CI) | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| CBFGM (N = 495) [ml/100g/min] | |||
| Model 3.a | |||
| BMINormal (Reference)Overweight[25 ≤ BMI < 30]aObese/ M. Obese[BMI ≥ 30]a | Physical Activity (IPAQ)(N = 117)High (N = 59)Moderate (N = 96)Low (N = 77)High (N = 36)Moderate (N = 48)Low (N = 62) | -1.75 (-4.63 − 1.13)-2.76 (-4.83 − -0.69)-3.07 (-5.41 − -0.72)-4.48 (-7.53 − -1.44)-3.76 (-6.40 − -1.12)-3.94 (-6.43 − -1.46) | 0.2340.0090.0110.0040.0050.002 |
| Age [per 1 year] | -0.14 (-0.23 − -0.06) | 0.001 | |
| Sex [Female] | 2.49 (1.02 − 3.95) | 0.001 | |
| Model 3.b | |||
| WHRNormal (Reference)Overweight/Obese[≥0.90 (M)≥0.85 (F)]a | Physical Activity (IPAQ)(N = 155)High (N = 91)Moderate (N = 119)Low (N = 130) | -1.26 (-3.69 − 1.17)-2.76 (-4.74 − -0.78)-2.24 (-4.13 − -0.35) | 0.3070.0060.020 |
| Age [per 1 year] | -0.11 (-0.20 − -0.03) | 0.011 | |
| Sex [Female] | 2.25 (0.75 − 3.76) | 0.003 | |
| Model 3.c | |||
| WCNormal (Reference)Overweight/Obese[≥0.94 cm (M)≥0.80 cm (F)]a | Physical Activity (IPAQ)(N = 114)High (N = 93)Moderate (N = 145)Low (N = 143) | -1.25 (-3.66 − 1.18)-2.51 (-4.51 − -0.51)-2.79 (-4.83 − -0.75) | 0.3130.0140.007 |
| Age [per 1 year] | -0.12 (-0.21 − -0.03) | 0.008 | |
| Sex [Female] | 2.95 (1.48 − 4.43) | <0 .001 | |
Key: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence intervals; IPAQ, International physical activity questionnaire; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.
World Health Organization recommended cut-off points. (1995; Consultation, 2008) Models 3.a, 3.b, and 3.c are adjusted for age, sex, education, diabetes, number of cardiovascular conditions (angina; high blood pressure; heart: attack ever, failure, murmur, abnormal rhythm; high cholesterol, TIA ever. Grouped into a categorical variable 0, 1, or ≥2 conditions), antihypertensive medication use (coded using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC): antihypertensive medications (ATC C02), diuretics (ATC C03), β-blockers (ATC C07), calcium channel blockers (ATC C08), and renin-angiotensin system agents (ATC C09)), alcohol consumption, smoking, and depression.