TABLE 4.
Summary of terpenoids with significant anti-liver disease activity.
| Compounds | Source | The species investigated | Dose | Mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Betulinic acid | Betula pubescens | Male C57BL/6J mice | 15, 30, 60, 150 mg/kg | Through the YY1/FAS, MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway | Liu et al. (2019b); Liu et al. (2019c); Mu et al. (2020) |
| SMMC-7721 cells | 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 μM | ||||
| HepG2 cells | 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 μM | ||||
| Saikosaponin-d | Radix Bupleuri | SMMC-7721 cells | 2.5, 5, 10 μg/L | Through SENP5- Dependent Inhibition of Gli1 SUMOylation Under Hypoxia, and p-STAT3/C/EBPβ signaling | Ren et al. (2019); Zhang et al. (2019) |
| HepG2 cells | 2.5, 5, 10 μg/L | ||||
| Cycloastragenol | Astragali Radix | HepG2 cells | 12, 25, 50 μM | By activating farnesoid X receptor signaling | Gu et al. (2017) |
| Female C57BL/6 mice | 100 mg/100 g diet | ||||
| Limonin | Citrus fruit and plants | Male Wistar rats | 100 mg/kg | By activating Nrf2 antioxidative pathway and inhibiting NF-κB inflammatory response and TLR-signaling pathway | Mahmoud et al. (2014); Yang et al. (2020b) |
| L-02 cells | 10, 25, 50 μM | ||||
| Male C57BL/6 mice | 40, 80 mg/kg | ||||
| Oleanolic acid | Forsythia suspensa | Male Swiss albino mice | 75 mg/kg | Through induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and autophagy, and inhibition of Liver X Receptor Alpha and Pregnane X Receptor | Hosny et al. (2021) |
| EAC cells | 9.32 μM | ||||
| HepG2 cells | 10, 20, 32.58, 27.56 μM | ||||
| SMMC-7721 cells | 10, 30, 60 μmol/L | ||||
| Ginsenoside Rg1 | Panax ginseng | Male C57BL/6 mice | 15, 30, 60 mg/kg | By activating Nrf2 signaling pathway | Ning et al. (2018) |
| Ursolic acid | Forsythia suspensa | C57BL/6 mice | 40 mg/kg | Through RhoA-related signaling pathways, and inhibition of interactive NOX4/ROS, RhoA/R and CASP3 | Gan et al. (2018a); Ma et al. (2021); Wan et al. (2019); Wan et al. (2020) |
| HepG2 cells | 10 μM | ||||
| Male Kunming mice | 20, 40, 80 mg/kg | ||||
| Sprague–Dawley rats | 40 mg/kg | ||||
| Alisol A | Rhizoma Alismatis | C57BL/6 mice | 100 mg/kg | Through the AMPK/ACC/SREBP-1c pathway | Ho et al. (2019) |
| Alisol B 23-acetate | Rhizoma Alismatis | Male C57BL/6 mice | 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60 mg/kg | Regulation of the FXR and STAT3 signaling pathway | Meng et al. (2015); Meng et al. (2017) |
| Leucodin | Artemisia capillaris | HepG2 cells | 1, 5 μM | Through the P2x7 receptor pathway | Shang et al. (2018) |