Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of STEMI and VA-ECMO patients.
| VA-ECMO | STEMI | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patients, n (%) | 18 | 19 | |
| Female, n (%) | 4 (22) | 7 (37) | 0.48 |
| Survivors, n (%) | 12 (67) | 18 (95) | 0.04 |
| Age, y (Q1-Q3) | 63.0 (52.8–71.5) | 60.0 (53.0–69.0) | 0.75 |
| Coronary Artery Disease, n (%) | 11 (61) | 19 (100) | 0.003 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 2 (11) | 1 (5) | 0.60 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 2 (11) | 3 (16) | >0.99 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1 (6) | 12 (63) | <0.001 |
| Active smoker, n (%) | 2 (11) | 12 (63) | 0.002 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 4 (22) | 9 (47) | 0.17 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | >0.99 |
| Acute renal failure, n (%) | 4 (22) | 1 (5) | 0.18 |
| Acute liver failure, n (%) | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 0.49 |
| Catecholamines, n (%) | 16 (89) | 1 (5) | <0.001 |
| Dual anti-platelet therapy, n (%) | 7 (39) | 19 (100) | <0.001 |
| Major bleeding, n (%) | 8 (44) | 0 (0) | 0.001 |
| Thrombotic events, n (%) | 2 (11) | 0 (0) | 0.23 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 18 (100) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| PEEP (mbar, Q1-Q3) | 8.0 (6.5–12.8) | ||
| FiO (%, Q1-Q3) | 50.0 (40.0–50.0) | ||
| Respiratory rate (/min, Q1-Q3) | 14.5 (11.8–16.0) | ||
| paO2 (mmHg, Q1-Q3) | 116.5 (86.8–180.3) | ||
| paCO2 (mmHg, Q1-Q3) | 41.1 (37.3–43.4) | ||
|
Type of VA-ECMO, n
(%) Stöckert Sorin Maquet Deltastream CARL |
7 (39) 8 (44) 2 (11) 1 (6) |
||
| Indications for VA-ECMO, n (%) | |||
| Cardiogenic shock - Postoperative - Myocardial Infarction - Cardiomyopathy - Endocarditis - Pulmonary embolism |
15 (83) 7 (39) 2 (11) 4 (22) 1 (6) 1 (6) |
||
| eCPR | 3 (17) | ||
| Days on ECMO (d, Q1-Q3) | 5.0 (3.0–7.0) | ||
| ECMO Blood Flow (l/min, Q1-Q3) | 4.5 (3.3–4.9) | ||
| WBC (x103 /μl, Q1-Q3) | 9.0 (5.9–11.6) | 11.3 (9.3–13.0) | 0.51 |
| Hb (g/dl, Q1-Q3) | 8.6 (8.0–10.0) | 14.2 (13.4–15.2) | <0.001 |
| Platelets (x103 /μl, Q1-Q3) | 105 (60.0–132.3) | 217.0 (192.0–246.0) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl, Q1-Q3) | 1.5 (1.0–2.4) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.001 |
| Urea (mg/dl, Q1-Q3) | 54 (34.0–85.0) | 29.0 (26.0–33.0) | <0.001 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dl, Q1-Q3) | 1.9 (1.2–3.3) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.07 |
| AST (U/l, Q1-Q3) | 182.0 (109.5–477.0) | 181.5 (93.0–468.0) | 0.48 |
| ALT (U/l, Q1-Q3) | 56.5 (35.3–99.3) | 45.5 (28.3–81.5) | 0.26 |
| CRP (mg/l, Q1-Q3) | 35.7 (20.4–94.2) | 3.1 (1.0–12.0) | 0.02 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml, Q1-Q3) | 43.3 (15.6–405.3) | 42.2 (19.0–162.8) | 0.33 |
| Lactate (mmol/l, Q1-Q3) | 2.9 (1.3–4.7) | 1.8 (1.1-2.2) | 0.02 |
| Prothrombin time ratio (%, Q1-Q3) | 61.0 (46.8–73.0) | 90.5 (81.5–106.5) | <0.001 |
| PTT (s, Q1-Q3) | 47.5 (41.5–66.8) | 38.0 (27.5–85.0) | 0.89 |
| CKmax (U/L, Q1-Q3) | 2,585 (1,296–4,114) | ||
| CK-MBmax (U/L, Q1-Q3) | 363.0 (182.5–446.3) | ||
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dl, Q1-Q3) | 189.0 (144.0–222.0) | ||
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl, Q1-Q3) | 128.0 (94.0–149.0) | ||
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl, Q1-Q3) | 49.0 (40.0–54.0) | ||
| HbA1c (%, Q1-Q3) | 5.6 (5.4–6.1) | ||
Data are presented as median (interquartile range, Q1-Q3) or number of patients (%). Denominator of the percentage is the total number of subjects in the group. p-values were calculated by an unpaired t-test or a Fisher's exact test. Significant p-values are indicated in bold. “Cardiomyopathy” includes ischemic cardiomyopathies and cardiomyopathies of unknown origin. Several parameters were only available for either VA-ECMO or STEMI patients. Laboratory values were taken from the data management system closest to the time point of blood sampling. Criteria published by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis were used to define major bleeding (31). ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CKmax, maximum value of creatine kinase; CK-MBmax, maximum value of creatine kinase MB. CRP, C-reactive protein; eCPR, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation; FiO, fraction of inspired oxygen; Hb, hemoglobin; IL-6, Interleukin 6; HDL, High density lipoprotein; LDL, Low density lipoprotein; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; PTT, partial thromboplastin time; WBC, white blood cells.