Table 3. Risk Factors for All-Cause Mortality Among Medicare Patients Receiving Dialysis With a COVID-19 Diagnosis.
| Characteristic | HR (95% CI) |
| Age (centered), per 10 y | 1.37 (1.35-1.39)a |
| Sex | |
| Women | 1 [Reference] |
| Men | 1.20 (1.16-1.24)a |
| Race | |
| Black | 0.87 (0.84-0.90)a |
| Non-Blackb | 1 [Reference] |
| Ethnicity | |
| Non-Hispanic | 1 [Reference] |
| Hispanic | 1.06 (1.02-1.10)a |
| BMI categories | |
| 18.5-24.9 | 1 [Reference] |
| <18.5 | 1.11 (1.00-1.23)a |
| 25.0-29.9 | 1.06 (1.01-1.11)a |
| ≥30 | 1.05 (1.01-1.10)a |
| Locale | |
| Rural | 1 [Reference] |
| Urban | 0.90 (0.84-0.96)a |
| Nursing home stays in previous 365 d, d | |
| 0s | 1 [Reference] |
| 1-89 | 1.31 (1.25-1.37)a |
| ≥90 | 1.12 (1.07-1.16)a |
| Modality | |
| In-center hemodialysis | 1 [Reference] |
| Home dialysis | 1.18 (1.11-1.25)a |
| Medicare Advantage | 1.30 (1.25-1.35)a |
| ESKD vintage (centered), per 10 y | 1.10 (1.06-1.14)a |
| Atherosclerotic heart disease | 1.05 (1.00-1.10)a |
| Other cardiac disease | 1.03 (0.99-1.07) |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 1.09 (1.05-1.13)a |
| Inability to ambulate | 0.96 (0.89-1.04) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.05 (0.99-1.12) |
| Inability to transfer | 0.99 (0.89-1.09) |
| Malignant neoplasm, cancer | 1.02 (0.95-1.09) |
| Diabetes | 0.96 (0.92-1.00) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.00 (0.95-1.06) |
| Cerebrovascular disease (CVA, TIA) | 0.98 (0.93-1.03) |
| Tobacco use (current smoker) | 1.16 (1.07-1.25)a |
| Alcohol dependence | 0.90 (0.77-1.05) |
| Drug dependence | 0.88 (0.74-1.05) |
| Prevalent comorbidities, per 1-unit increase | 1.04 (1.04-1.05)a |
| <180 d of Medicare claims in 2019 | 0.81 (0.77, 0.86)a |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CVA, cerebrovascular accident; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; HR, hazard ratio; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
a
Indicates statistical significance.
b
Race was dichotomized to focus on the experience of Black patients. The non-Black reference group included White, Asian, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native patients and those who reported other race.