| constructed wetlands |
low cost and maintenance |
low remediation efficiency |
(2) |
| |
stable effluent and excellent load resistance |
poor sustainability |
|
| |
|
easily affected by the climatic and
vegetation environment |
|
| microorganisms |
allows for differential removal of metals |
Remediation
efficiency is governed by heavy metal ions. |
(1) |
| |
no secondary pollution |
requires continuous
additions of organic substrates |
|
| neutralization |
simple to operate |
Mo,
Cr, and Hg cannot be insolubilized via pH control. |
(1), (2) |
| |
low operating investment |
A considerable
sludge will be generated. |
|
| |
|
requires large amounts of neutralizing
agents |
|
| adsorption |
simple to operate |
The adsorption capacity of conventional
adsorbents is low. |
(3) |
| |
strong
affinity |
Some commercial adsorbents are expensive. |
|
| |
high effectiveness
and flexibility |
|
|
