Figure 5.

Result of the microbe-metabolite association analysis. (A) A quantile-quantile plot of the p values from the microbe-metabolite association analysis (P _{microbe-metabolite}). The x-axis indicates log-transformed empirically estimated median P _{microbe-metabolite}. The y-axis indicates observed -log₁₀(P _{microbe-metabolite}). The diagonal dashed line represents y=x, which corresponds to the null hypothesis. The horizontal red dashed line indicates the Bonferroni-corrected threshold (α=0.05), and the brown dashed line indicates the FDR threshold (FDR=0.20) calculated with Benjamini-Hochberg method. The microbe-metabolite pairs with FDR<0.20 are plotted as brown dots, and the other microbe-metabolite pairs are plotted as black dots. (B) A volcano plot. The x-axis indicates effect sizes in linear regression. The y-axis, horizontal dashed lines and dot colours are the same as in (A). FDR, false discovery rate; HC, healthy control; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.