Table 1.
Summary of the analytical methods and the possible urinary volatile biomarkers (alphabetical order).
| First author (Year) | Cancer type | Method | Possible biomarkers (Number of VOCs) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arasaradnam (2014) | Colorectal | FAIMS and GC–MS | Not reported | [71] |
| Cauchi (2016) | Bladder | SPME-GC–MS | (16): 2,3-Butanedione; 2-Butanone; 2-Pentanone; 2-Propanol; 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid; 4-Heptanone; Acetic acid; Benzaldehyde; Benzoic acid; Butyrophenone; cis-3-Hexanoic acid; Dimethyl disulfide; Hexanal; Piperitone; Thujone; trans-3-Hexanoic acid. | [72] |
| Gao (2019) | Prostate | SBSE-GC–MS | (11): 1-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-3-(tetrahydrofuryl-2)propane;1,1,1,5,5,5-hexamethyl-3,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-Trisiloxane; 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9-decamethyl-pentasiloxane; 1-Propylpentachlorotriphosphazene; 2,6-Di-t-butyl-4-hydroxymethylene-2,3,5,6-detetrahydrocyclohexanone; 2-Amino-Imidazole-5-carboxylic acid; 4-(3,4-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-4-yl)-phenol; 4-Nitro-4′-chlorodiphenylsulfoxide; Estradiol; Ethyl à-hydroxymyristate trisiloxane; Phthalic acid, bis(7-methyloctyl) ester. | [61] |
| Guadagni (2011) | Lung | SPME-GC–MS | Hexanal | [73] |
| Hanai (2012) | Lung | SPME-GC–MS | (4): 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol; 2-Methylpyrazine; 2-Pentanone; Tetrahydrofuran | [74] |
| Hua (2018) | Lymphoma | SPME-GC–MS | (5): 2,6-Dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol; 2-Methylbutanal; 2-Methylpyrazine; 4-Heptanone; Decanoic acid. | [75] |
| Huang (2013) | Gastroesophageal | SIFT-MS | (7): Acetaldehyde; Acetic Acid; Acetone; Hexanoic Acid; Hydrogen Sulfide; Methanol; Phenol | [67] |
| Jiménez-Pacheco (2018) | Prostate | SPME-GC–MS | (9): 2,6-Dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol; 2-Butanone; 2-Ethylhexanol; 3,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde; 3-Methylphenol; Furan; Phenol; P-xylene; Santolina Triene. | [76] |
| Jobu (2012) | Bladder | NTME-GC–MS | (6): Ethylbenzene; Nonanoyl chloride; Dodecanal; 2-Nonenal; 5-Dimethyl-3(2H)- Isoxazolone. | [58] |
| Khalid (2015) | Prostate | SPME-GC–MS | (4): 2,6-Dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol; 2-Octanone; 3-Octanone; Pentanal. | [77] |
| Lima (2019) | Prostate | SPME-GC–MS | (6): 2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde; 3-Phenylpropionaldehyde; 4-Methylhexan-3-one; Dihydroedulan IA; Hexanal; Methylglyoxal. | [78] |
| McFarlane (2019) | Colorectal | LC-FAIMS-MS | Not reported | [69] |
| Monteiro (2017) | Renal Cell Carcinoma | SPME-GC–MS | (2): 2-Oxopropanal; 2,5,8-Trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1-o. | [79] |
| Navaneethan (2015) | Biliary Duct | SIFT-MS | (3): 2-Propanol; Carbon disulfide; Trimethyl amine | [68] |
| Opitz (2018) | Head and Neck | SPME-GC–MS | (35): 2-Methyl-5-(methylthio) furan; 2-Methylbutanal; 2-Methyl-butyric acid; 2-Methylthiophene; 3,4-Dehydro-β-ionone; 3,4-Dimethyl-2, 5-furanedione; 3-Heptanone; 3-Methyl-2-heptanone; 4-Methyl-2-heptanone; 4-Tert-butylphenolpheno; Acetone; Benzene; Dimethyl disulfide; Dimethyl trisulfide; Ethanoic acid; Ethylbenzene; Furan; Heptanal; Hexanal; Linalool; m-Cresol; Nonanal; Phenol; Styrene; Tetrahydro-2, 2-dimethyl-5-(1-methyl −1-propenyl) furan; Tetrahydro2,2,5,5-tetramethylfuran; Thiophene; α-Terpineol. | [80] |
| Porto-Figueira (2018)b | Lung | NTME-GC–MS | (29): 1,1,3-Trimethyl-1H-indene; 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene; 1,4-Cineole; 1,6-Dimethylhepta-1,3,5-triene; 1-Ethyl-3-methylbenzene; 2,2,6-Trimethyl-6-vinyltetrahydropyran; 2,3-dihydro-1,1,5,6-tetramethyl-1H-indene; 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone; 2-Butanone; 2-Ethyl-5-methylfuran; 2-Heptanone; 3,3-Dimethyl-6-methylenecyclohexene; 3,5-Di-t-butylphenol; 3-Hexanone; 4-tert-Butylphenol; Acetaldehyde; Acetone; Carbon disulfide; Carvacrol; Dimethyl sulfde; Hexanal; Isoterpinolene; Methyl chloride; p-Cresol; Tiophene; α-Calacorene; α-Curcumene; α-Phellandrene; α-Terpinene. | [57] |
| Porto-Figueira (2018)a | Breast | NTME-GC–MS | (53):1-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-2-buten-1-one; 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-butanedione; 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4,6-trimethylnaphthalene; 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,5,8-trimethylnaphthalene; 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene; 1,2,5,5,6,7-Hexamethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-en-4-one; 1,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene; 1,2-Dihydro-1,5,8-trimethylnaphthalene; 1,4-Cineole; 1,5,5-Trimethyl-6-methylene-cyclohexene; 1,6,7-Trimethylnaphthalene; 1,6-Dimethylhepta-1,3,5-triene; 2,20-Ethylidenebis(5-methylfuran); 2-Acetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene; 2-Acetylfuran; 2-Bromophenol; 2-Methylbutanal; 2-Methylfuran; 2-Pentylfuran; 3,3-Dimethyl-6-methylenecyclohexene; 3-Hexanone; 3-Methylfuran; 4-Heptanone; 4-tert-Butyl-2-Bromophenol; 4-tert-Butylphenol; 6-methyllilolidine; 7,7-Dimethyl-9-oxatricyclo[6.2.2.0(1,6)]dodecan-10-one; 9-Methyl-S-octahydrophenanathracene; Benzene, 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-; Benzoic Acid; Butanal; Carbon disulfide; Cyclohexene, 5-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-, trans-(-)-; Dehydro-Ar-ionene; Dehydro-b-ionone; Dihydromyrcenol; Dimethyl disulfide; Ethanone, 1-(2,4,5-triethylphenyl)-; Ethyl ether; Furan; Guaiacol; Lavender lactone; m-Anisalcohol; Octanoic Acid; o-Cymene; p-Cresol; Pentane; Phenol; Thiophene; Trans-2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene; α–Curcumene; α–Terpinene; γ-Terpinene. | [56] |
| Colon | NTME-GC–MS | (41): 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-butanedione; 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene; 1,2,5,5,6,7-Hexamethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-en-4-one; 1,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene; 1,3-Dimethyl-1-cyclohexene; 1,5,5-Trimethyl-6-methylene-cyclohexene; 1,6,7-Trimethylnaphthalenel; 1,6-Dimethylhepta-1,3,5-triene; 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone; 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone; 2-Acetylfuran; 2-Ethyl-5-methylfuran; 2-methoxy-5-methyl-Thiophene; 2-methyl-5-(methylthio)furan; 2-Methylfuran; 2-Pentylfuran; 3,3-Dimethyl-6-methylenecyclohexene; 3,5-Di-t-butylphenol; 3-Hexanone; 3-Methylfuran; 4-tert-Butyl-2-Bromophenol; 4-tert-Butylphenol; 5-Methylfurfural; 7,7-Dimethyl-9-oxatricyclo[6.2.2.0(1,6)]dodecan-10-one; Butanal; Carbon disulphide; Dehydro-Ar-ionene; Dimethyl disulfide; Dimethyl sulphide; Ethanone, 1-(2,4,5-triethylphenyl)-; Ethyl ether; Furan; Guaiacol; Isoprene; m-Anisalcohol; Methanethiol; Methyl allyl disulphide; p-Cresol; Pentane; Phenol; Thiophene. | ||
| Ramos (2017) | Lung | HS-PTV-MS | Not reported | [70] |
| Santos (2017) | Lung | HS-GC–MS | (3): 3-Heptanone; 3-Octanone; Ethyl acetate. | [81] |
| Silva (2011) | Colorectal, Leukemia, Lymphoma | SPME-GC–MS | (17):1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene; 1,2-Dihydro-1,1,6-trimethyl-naphthalene; 1,4,5-Trimethyl-naphthalene; 1-Octanol; 2,7-Dimethyl-quinoline; 2-Methoxythiophene; 2-Methyl-3-phenyl-2-propenal; 3-Heptanone; 4-Methyl-pheno; 4-Methyl-phenol; Anisole; Bornylene; Dimethyl disulfide; Heptanal; Hexanal; p-Cymene γ -Terpinene | [82] |
| Silva (2012) | Breast | SPME-GC–MS | (6): 4-Carene; 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene; 2-Methoxytiophene; 3-Heptanone; Dimethyl disulfide; Phenol. | [83] |
| Silva (2019) | Breast | SPME-GC–MS | (10): 2-Methyl-3-phenyl-2-propenal; 3-Methyl-thiophene; 1,2-Dihydro-1,1,6-trimethylnaphthalene; 1-Methyl-4-(1- methylethenyl)-benzene; 2-pentylfuran; 4-Heptanone; Acetic acid; p-Cymene; Trimethyl trisulfde; α-Terpinene. | [84] |
| Taunk (2018) | Breast | SPME-GC–MS | (14): 1,4-Dimethylpent-2-enylbenzene; 1–4-Hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl-2- methyl-3-morpholinopropan-1-one; 2,2,7,7-Tetramethyltricyclo[6.2.1.0 (1,6)]undec-4-en-3-one; 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol; Acetic acid; Dimethyl trisufide; Dodecanoic acid; Furan; Guaiacol; Isolongifolenone; m-Cresol; p-Cresol; Phenol; Ylangene | [85] |
| Taware (2017) | Head and Neck | SPME-GC–MS | (4): 4-methyl-2-heptanone; 1-butanol; 2,6-dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol; p-xylene | [86] |
| Wang (2016) | Renal Cell Carcinoma | SPME-GC–MS | (14): 1,6‑Dioxacyclododecane‑7,12‑dione; 1‑bromo‑1‑(3‑methyl‑1‑pentenylidene)‑2,2,3,3‑tetramethyl-cyclopropane; 2,5‑Cyclohexadiene‑1,4‑dione, 2,6‑bis(1,1‑dimethylethyl)‑; 2,6,10,14‑Tetramethyl‑pentadecane; 3‑Ethyl‑3‑methylheptane; 4-heptanone; Aniline; Decanal; Dimethyl‑silanediol; Isolongifolene‑5‑ol; Nonanal; Phenol; Styrene; Tetradecane. | [87] |