Table 2.

Biomarkers identified in four or more types of cancer or in at least four studies.

Substance	CAS	N° of cancer types	N° of studies	Cancer types	Concentration change	Reference
Hexanal	66-25-1	7	6	Bladder, Lung(2), Colorectal, Head and Neck, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Prostate,	Up 72,73,80 Down 78,82	[57], [72], [73], [78], [80], [82]
Dimethyl disulfide	624-92-0	7	5	Breast (2), Colon, Colorectal, Bladder, Head and Neck, Lymphoma, Leukemia	Up 80 Down 72,82,83	[56], [72], [80], [82], [83]
Phenol	108-95-2	6	7	Breast (3), Colon, Gastroesophageal, Head and Neck, Renal Cell Carcinoma, Prostate	Up 76, 80,83,85,87 Down 67	[56], [67], [83], [85], [87]
3-Heptanone	106-35-4	6	4	Breast, Colorectal, Head and Neck Leukemia, Lymphoma , Lung	Up 80–83	[80], [81], [82], [83]
4-Heptanone	123-19-3.	4	5	Bladder, Breast(2), Lymphoma, Renal Cell Carcinoma	Up 75,84 Down 72,87	[56], [72], [5], [84], [87]
2-Butanone	78-93-3	4	4	Bladder, Head and Neck, Lung, Prostate	Up 72,76 Down 80	[57], [72], [76], [80]
Furan	110-00-9	4	4	Breast(2), Colon, Head and Neck, Prostate	Up 76,80,85	[56], [76], [80], [85]
Carbon disulfide	75-15-0	4	3	Biliary Ducts, Breast, Colon, Lung	Down 68	[56], [57], [68]
4-tert-Butylphenol	98-54-4	4	3	Breast, Colon, Head and Neck, Lung	Up 80	[56], [57], [80]
p-Cymene	99-87-6	4	2	Breast, Colorectal, Leukemia, Lymphoma	Up 82 Down 84	[82], [84]
Heptanal	111-71-7	4	2	Colorectal, Head and Neck, Leukemia, Lymphoma,	Up 80 Down 82	[80], [82]
2-Methyl-3-phenyl-2-propenal	101-39-3	4	2	Breast, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Colorectal	Up 82 Down 84	[82], [84]
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene	95-63-6	4	2	Breast, Colorectal, Leukemia, Lymphoma	Up 82,83	[82], [83]
γ-Terpinene	99-85-4	4	2	Breast, Colorectal, Leukemia, Lymphoma	Up 82	[56], [82]
2,6-Dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol	18479-58-8	3	4	Head and Neck, Lymphoma, Prostate (2)	Down 76,77,86	[86], [75], [76], [77]
Acetic acid	64-19-7	3	4	Breast(2), Bladder, Gastroesophageal	Up 67,85 Down 72,84	[67], [72], [84], [85]