Fig. 4 ∣. PCCO SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits type I interferon astrocytic response.

a, Cleaved caspase 3 (CC3) and p53 staining is positive in PCCOs after infection. CC3, red; DAPI, nuclei; GFP, PLCs; P53, gray. Scale bar: 400 μm. Arrowheads, CC3⁺ or p53⁺ cells. b, Quantification of a. Nuclear DAPI was used as reference. c, Dot plots showing the expression of CASP3 and TP53 in PCCO mock and virus groups. d, GO term with significance for functional analysis in astrocytes. e, Dot plots showing the expression of type I interferon-related genes. f, qPCR for ISG15 mRNA expression; GAPDH, reference. Mock infection was used as negative control. a,b,f, n = 12 includes 3 biological replicates (3 PCCOs derived from 2 healthy individuals in unrelated families and H1 cells) and 4 technical replicates for each biological replicate. b,f, GAPDH was used as reference. A two-tailed t-test with Šidák multiple comparisons correction was used to determine significance. b, **P < 0.001, P = 0.000493 for percentage of CC3 and P = 0.000733 for percentage of P53. f, *P < 0.01, P = 0.00636. In the dot plots, dot size indicates the percentage of cells demonstrating gene expression. Dot plot shading: average expression in log fold scale.