Table 3.

Summary of studies on plasma combination technologies for virus inactivation

Combination systems	Virus types	Experimental conditions	Results	Ref
Non-thermal plasma-activated by NaCl or H2O2 solutions	Newcastle disease virus (NDV)	10 mL sterile distilled water, 0.9% NaCl, and 0.3% H2O2 solutions	Complete inactivation of NDV after only 30 min of treatment	(Su et al. 2018)
Atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma (NTP) jet with Ar/O2/N2	Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain and H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV)	A mixture containing 88% Ar, 2% O2, and 10% N2 at a flow rate of 5 L/min was used as working gas	Complete inactivation in 2 min of treatment for both NDV and AIV	(Wang et al. 2016)
Cold oxygen plasma + an internal classic UV-C lamp	Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hPIV-3), and influenza virus A (H5N2)	50 mL of viral pellets were suspended in PBS	More than 99.98 of reduction regardless of the virus type	(Assadi et al. 2015)
Non-thermal plasma coupled to a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor	Aerosols of phage MS2	At 30 kV and an airflow rate of 170 standard liters per minute	A reduction of ~ 2 log of the MS2 inactivated and ~ 0.35 log physically removed in the packed bed was observed	(Xia et al. 2020)
Packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge non-thermal plasma combined with filtration	Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv	From 12 to 30 kV with RH = 38–49% at 5–12 cfm	More than 40% at 12 cfm and more than 80% at 5 cfm of reduction regardless of the virus SARS (MS2)	(Xia et al. 2019)