Identification of immune subtypes in NS by RNA-sequencing–based cell-type enrichment. (A) Consensus clustering of cell-type enrichment data and gene-level expression patterns of immune checkpoints and potential immunotherapy target genes in NS samples from the Institutional LUAD cohort (discovery cohort) shows three immune clusters—IM-1, IM-2, and IM-3. Each sample and the attributes (summarized in legend on top right), immune cell composition, and checkpoint molecule expression level (shown as Z-scores) are represented in individual columns on the x-axis. (B) Individual box plots showing differences in immune cell composition with the associated level of statistical significance between Institutional cohort samples from the three immune clusters. AFR, African; AMR, Admixed American; EUR, European; IM, immune subtype; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; NS, never-smoker; SAS, South Asian.