Table 1.
The characteristics of included studies for this meta-analysis.
| Omnivores | Plant-based diets | ||||||||||
| Study | Country | No. | Age (M ± SD) | BMD | No. | Age (M ± SD) | BMD | BMD site | Gender | Ethnicity | Instruments |
| Barr et al (1998) | Canada | 22 | 27.9 ± 5.9 | 1.216 ± 0.132 | 15 8 | 25.8 ± 4.7 28.0 ± 3.2 | 1.145 ± 0.117 1.153 ± 0.100 | LS | Female | Caucasian | DXA |
| Chiu et al (1997) | Taiwan, China | 187 | 59.5 ± 8.0 | 0.990 ± 0.170 0.750 ± 0.130 | 71 | 64.0 ± 11.5 | 0.940 ± 0.190 0.690 ± 0.110 | LS FN | Female | Asian | DPA |
| Fontana et al (2005) | USA | 7 | 53.2 ± 4.1 | 1.030 ± 0.140 | 7 | 56.5 ± 13.1 | 0.850 ± 0.080 | LS | Female | Caucasian | DXA |
| 0.750 ± 0.080 | 0.630 ± 0.100 | FN | |||||||||
| 1.100 ± 0.100 | 0.990 ± 0.006 | WB | |||||||||
| Ho-Pham et al (2009) | Vietnam | 105 | 62.0 ± 10.0 | 0.770 ± 0.140 | 105 | 62.0 ± 10.0 | 0.740 ± 0.140 | LS | Female | Asian | DXA |
| 0.630 ± 0.110 | 0.620 ± 0.110 | FN | |||||||||
| 0.900 ± 0.120 | 0.880 ± 0.110 | WB | |||||||||
| Karavasiloglou et al (2020) | Germany | 9209 | 47.0 ± 0.4 | 0.94 ± 0.110 0.80 ± 0.120 | 207 | 44.4 ± 1.3 | 0.90 ± 0.120 0.75 ± 0.130 | LS FN | Male female | Multi-race/ethnicity | DXA |
| Kim et al (2007) | Korea | 76 | 60.8 ± 6.7 | 0.809 ± 0.158 | 76 | 60.7 ± 6.9 | 0.806 ± 0.140 | LS | Female | Asian | DXA |
| 0.711 ± 0.112 | 0.684 ± 0.144 | FN | |||||||||
| Knurick et al (2015) | USA | 27 | 27.2 ± 6.7 | 1.180 ± 0.110 | 27 | 31.1 ± 9.1 | 1.120 ± 0.100 | WB | Female Male | Caucasian | DXA |
| 28 | 33.9 ± 8.6 | 1.130 ± 0.110 | |||||||||
| Krivoskova et al (2010) | Slovakia | 131 | 40.8 ± 19.8 | 1.102 ± 0.159 | 141 | 41.9 ± 19.7 | 1.085 ± 0.192 | LS | Female | Caucasian | DXA |
| 0.941 ± 0.136 | 0.918 ± 0.142 | FN | |||||||||
| Kaur (2013) | India | 46 | 45.0 ± 80.0 | 0.888 ± 0.140 | 204 | 45.0 ± 80.0 | 0.872 ± 0.118 | LS | Female | Caucasian | DXA |
| Lloyd et al (1991) | USA | 36 | 36.1 ± 0.4 | 1.006 ± 0.120 | 23 | 35 ± 0.7 | 1.020 ± 0.096 | LS | Female | Caucasian | DPA |
| Lau et al (1998) | Hong Kong, China | 109 | 77.0 ± 3.8 | 0.720 ± 0.140 | 40 | 79.9 ± 5.4 78.2 ± 4.9 | 0.680 ± 0.110 0.720 ± 0.150 | LS | Female | Asian | DPA |
| 0.530 ± 0.082 | 36 | 0.480 ± 0.080 0.500 ± 0.080 | FN | ||||||||
| Outila et al (2000) | Finland | 16 | 34.0 ± 7.0 | 1.177 ± 0.099 | 6 | 33.0 ± 9.0 | 1.138 ± 0.060 1.034 ± 0.174 | LS | Female | Caucasian | DXA |
| 0.999 ± 0.138 | 37.0 ± 7.0 | 0.961 ± 0.059 0.843 ± 0.116 | FN | ||||||||
| Siani et al (2003) | Italy | 10 | 38.4 ± 7.8 | 1.190 ± 0.110 | 20 | 34.8 ± 15.1 | 1.190 ± 0.070 | WB | Female Male | Caucasian | DXA |
| Tesar et al (1992) | USA | 28 | 62.9 ± 5.6 | 1.066 ± 0.155 | 28 | 62.9 ± 5.1 | 1.079 ± 0.203 | LS | Female | Caucasian | DPA |
| Wang et al (2008) | Taiwan, China | 529 | 21.0 ± 89.0 | 0.968 ± 0.183 | 489 | 21.0 ± 89.0 | 0.953 ± 0.179 | LS | Female | Asian | DXA |
| 463 | 0.829 ± 0.142 | 383 | 0.813 ± 0.127 | FN | Male | ||||||
| Xie et al (2019) | China | 246 | 32.1 ± 6.5 | 1.519 ± 0.331 | 246 | 32.7 ± 6.5 | 1.519 ± 0.310 | WB | Female Male | Asian | DPA |
| Ying-Ming and Liu (2010) | China | 302 | 50.0 ± 70.0 | 0.837 ± 0.140 | 173 | 50.0 ± 70.0 | 0.795 ± 0.140 | LS | Female | Asian | DXA |
BMD = bone mineral density, DPA = dual-photon absorptiometry, DXA = dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, FN = femoral neck, LS = lumbar spine, M = mean, NR = not report, SD = standard deviation, WB = whole body.