Table 3. Details of study characteristics and the demographics of included participants.
Study characteristics and participant demographics.
| Participants with SCI Demographics | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Design | Simultaneous Interventions | Other Subjects (n) | Sample (n) | Age; Mean (SD) | Gender | AIS | Level | Years Since Injury; Mean (SD) |
| Dy et al., 2010 [14] | NP, QE | Treadmill and BWS | 9 NI | 9 | 32.6 (9.2) | M = 9 | A | C5-T7 | 6.4 (9.4) |
| Hofstoetter et al., 2013 [6] | TP, CR | Treadmill | - | 1 | 29 | F = 1 | D | T9 | 11 |
| Gerasimenko et al., 2015 [67] | TP, CS | Assisted movement, Buspirone | - | 5 | 31.4 (16.8) | M = 5 | B | C5-T4 | 3.2 (1.6) |
| Hofstoetter et al., 2015 [18] | TP, CS | Treadmill | - | 3 | 32.7 (5.0) | M = 2, F = 1 | D | C5, T9 | 10.7(1.5) |
| Bedi, 2016 [68] | TP, CR | - | - | 1 | 25 | M = 1 | C | T12 | - |
| Emeliannikov et al., 2016 [15] | NP, CS | Seated gait device, pharmacology | - | 10 | 39.1 (11.3) | M = 7, F = 3 | A-D | T5-L2 | 4.8 (4.2) |
| Minassian et al, 2016 [19] | TP, CS | RDGO, Treadmill and BWS | - | 4 | 39.5 (17.1) | M = 3, F = 1 | A | C8-T8 | 2.8 (1.4) |
| Gad et al., 2017 [41] | TP, CR | Exoskeleton, Buspirone | - | 1 | 40 | M = 1 | A | T9 | 4 |
| Freyvert et al., 2018 [44] | TP, CrT | Buspirone, hand grip exercises | - | 6 | 19.2 (1.3) | M = 4, F = 2 | B | C5-C8 | 2.4 (0.9) |
| Gad et al., 2018 [43] | TP, CS | Hand grip exercises | - | 6 | 40.2 (16.6) | M = 5, F = 1 | B, C | C4-C8 | 8.0 (7.7) |
| Hofstoetter et al., 2018 [16] | NP, QE | PT | 7 SCI eSCS | 10 | 39.7 (20.1) | M = 7, F = 3 | A, C, D | C4-T7 | 4.5 (2.8) |
| Inanici et al., 2018 [36] | TP, CR | Activity-based PT | - | 1 | 62 | M | D | C3 | 2 |
| Rath et al., 2018 [37] | TP, RCrT | - | - | 8 | 29.4 (7.7) | M = 7, F = 1 | A, C | C4-T9 | 7.3 (3.3) |
| Hofstoetter et al., 2019 [17] | NP, QE | - | 10 NI | 10 | 40.1 (18) | M = 8, F = 2 | A, C, D | C4-T7 | 9.7 (12.5) |
| Murray and Knikou, 2019 [20] | NP, QE | - | 10 NI | 10 | 36.3 (11.2) | M = 7, F = 3 | A-D | C6-T12 | 8.8 (8.1) |
| Sayenko et al., 2019 [42] | TP, RCrT | Stand Training | - | 15 | 31.2 (8.7) | M = 12, F = 3 | A-C | C4-T12 | 6 (3.2) |
| Al’Joboori et al., 2020 [69] | Coh | BWS sit-to-stand training, standing exercises | 2 SCI Control | 5 | 36.8 (2.5) | M = 3 | A, C, D | C6/7 –T10 | 3 (3.4) |
| F = 2 | |||||||||
| Alam et al., 2020 [40] | TP, CR | Stand Training and Treadmill | - | 1 | 48 | F = 1 | D | C7 | 21 |
| Atkinson et al., 2020 [26] | NP, QE | - | 15 NI | 18 | 29.4 (7.3) | M = 16, F = 2 | A-D | C2-T6 | 4.6 (3.1) |
| Meyer et al., 2020 [70] | TP, CS | Overground walking with BWS, ankle movement | - | 10 | 25.4 (12.4) | M = 9 | D | C3-T10 | 11.6 (10.2) |
| F = 1 | |||||||||
| Militskova et al., 2020 [25] | NP, CR | PT, treadmill and BWS | - | 1 | 21 | F = 1 | A | T11 | 1 |
| Shapkova et al., 2020 [38] | TP, NRCT | Exoskeleton | 16 SCI Control | 19 | 31.2 (8.6) | M = 15, F = 4 | A-C | C8-L2 | 4.6 (3.3) |
| Wu et al., 2020 [23] | NP, QE | - | 14 NI, 4 ALS | 13 | 45.9 (13.7) | M = 10, F = 3 | B-D | C2-C8 | 10.8 (5.9) |
| Zhang et al., 2020 [71] | TP, CR | Task specific hand training | - | 1 | 38 | M = 1 | A | C5 | 15 |
| Islam et al., 2021 [72] | NP, QE | Treadmill walking and robotic gait orthosis BWS | 13 NI | 5 | 43.8 (11.4) | M = 9, F = 1 | B-D | C1- T11 | 13.4 (9.0) |
Abbreviations: AIS; ASIA impairment scale, ALS; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, BWS; Body weight support, Coh; cohort study, CR; case report, CrT; crossover trial, CS; case series, eSCS; epidural spinal cord stimulation, F; female, M; male, NI; neurologically intact, NP; neurophysiological investigation, NRCT; non-randomised controlled trial, PT; physical therapy, QE; quasi-experimental study, RDGO; Robotic driven gait orthosis, RCrT; randomised crossover trial, SCI; spinal cord injury, SD; standard deviation, TP; therapeutic investigation.