Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of the studied groups, clinical periodontal parameters, glycemic and lipid profiles, and physical exams of all groups.
| Healthy | Periodontitis | T2DM+P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | n = 343 | n = 345 | n = 205 |
| Age, mean (±SD) | 43 (±10.88)a | 49.06 (±9.29)b | 56.03 (±9.49)c |
| Sex,n(%) | |||
| Male | 110 (32%)a | 204 (59%)b | 86 (42%)c |
| Female | 233 (68%)a | 141 (41%)b | 119 (58%)c |
| Smoking habits,n(%) | |||
| Smoker | 29 (8.45%)a | 34 (9.85)a | 20 (10%)a |
| Former smoker | 47 (13.7%)a | 89 (25.8%)a | 64 (31%)a |
| Never smoker | 267 (77.85%)a | 222 (64.35%)b | 121 (59%)b |
| Periodontal parameters, mean (±SD) | |||
| Number of teeth | 25.5(±3.43)a | 22.84 (±4.48)b | 20.54 (±5.51)c |
| Visible plaque index (% site) | 24.75(±20.0)a | 54.82 (±28.13)b | 56.53(±26.96)c |
| Marginal bleeding (% site) | 8.79(±11.72)a | 20.07(±23.25)b | 40.63 (±23.91)c |
| BOPi (% site) | 3.30 (±4.98)a | 39.98 (±23.17)b | 51.03 (±27.16)c |
| PPDi ≤ 4 mm (% site) | 99.93 (±0.30)a | 86.87 (±14)b | 79.11 (±22.69)c |
| PPDi ≥ 5 mm (% site) | 0.07 (±0.30)a | 13.13 (±14.0)b | 20.89 (±22.89)c |
| CALi ≤ 3 mm (% site) | 99.49 (±0.78)a | 68.40 (±21.39)b | 56.22 (±27.32)c |
| CALi = 4–5 mm (% site) | 0.46 (±0.75)a | 20.07 (±11.92)b | 24.99 (±15.23)c |
| CALi ≥ 6 mm (% site) | 0.04 (±0.23)a | 11.53 (±13.68)b | 18.79 (±20.79)c |
| Biochemical and physical data median (minimum–maximum) | |||
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 91.50 (80.0-99)a | 92 (60.0-99)a | 152.2 (83.0-467.9)b |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 (4.8-5.6)a | 5.6 (4.4-5.60)a | 7.9 (4.5-14.30)b |
| Insulin (UI/mL) | 7.3 (3.6-36.5)a | 9.8 (4.1-31.3)a | 13.5 (3.2-159.2)b |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 176 (134-218)a | 176 (137-223)a | 192.5 (139-306)b |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 56 (42-84)a | 53 (30-88)a | 44 (24-350.6)b |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 96.40 (50.6-155.8)a | 96.20 (17.0-732.0)a | 109.8 (7.9-525.0)a |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 104.4 (41-283.8)a | 133 (47.5-709.4)b | 156.2 (33.9-765.0)b |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.81 (18.9-41.6)a | 26.9 (18.21-37.9)a | 29.82(18.5-49.9)b |
| Waist-to-hip ratio (cm) | 0.88 (0.09-1.09)a | 0.91 (0.74-1.07)a | 0.95 (0.76-1.25)b |
SD: standard deviation; BOPi: interproximal bleeding on probing; P: periodontitis; PPDi: interproximal probing pocket depth; CALi: interproximal clinical attachment level. Chi-squared test was used to determine differences among groups for sex and smoking habits. a,b,cDifferent letters means p value < 0.05; periodontal parameters were compared by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test. Biochemical and lipid levels were compared by Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn's test.