Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants.
| Author (year) | Study type | No. of participants (% women) | Age (y): range/mean (SD) | Time since injury mean (SD) | Severity | Outcome measures | Adverse events | Time points | Dropout rate after intervention | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | McCarty et al., 2021 [33] | Randomized controlled trial |
T: 200 (62.0) I: 101 (59.4) C:99 (69.6) |
T: 14.7 (1.7) 11 to 18 I: 14.8 (1.7) C: 14.7 (1.7) |
I: 0-30 days: 2 31-60 days: 62 61-90 days: 19 91-120 days: 8 121-180 days: 5 181-270 days: 5 C: 0-30 days: 4 31-60 days: 55 61-90 days: 17 91-120 days: 13 121-180 days: 5 181-270 days: 5 |
T: Mild:200 |
(1) Postconcussive symptoms (the Health Behavior Inventory) (2) Health-related quality of life (the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory) (3) Psychological assessment: (the Patient Health Questionnaire–9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 item scale, the 15-item anxiety subscale of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Short version) (4) Sleep quality (Adolescent Sleep Wake Scale) (5) Headache pain (Traumatic Brain Injury-Quality of Life headache pain) |
None |
I: baseline; 6-month intervention; 6-month follow-ups C: baseline; 6 months; 6-month follow-ups |
I: 1.98% C: 4.04% T: 3.00% |
| 2 | Tomfohr-Madsen et al., 2019 [28] | Randomized controlled trial |
T: 24 (75.0) I: 12 (75.0) C: 12 (75.0) |
T: 15.0 (1.4) 12 to 18 I: 15.2 (1.5) C: 14.9 (1.3) |
T: 1 month to 12 months |
T: Mild: 24 |
(1) Sleep disturbance (Insomnia Severity Index, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale, sleep diary) (2) Postconcussive symptoms (the Health Behavior Inventory) (3) Psychological assessment (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety and Depression) |
None |
I: baseline; 6-week intervention; 4-week follow-ups C: baseline; 6 weeks; 4-week follow-ups |
I: 16.67% C: 8.33% T: 12.50% |
| 3 | Theadom et al., 2018 [26] | Randomized controlled trial |
T: 24 (62.5) I: 12 (58.3) C: 12 (66.7) |
T: 35.9 (11.8) 17 to 56 |
I: 10.42 (7.32) months C: 15.09 (10.67) months |
I: Mild: 11 Moderate: 1 C: Mild: 11 Moderate: 1 |
(1) Sleep disturbance (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, actigraphy sleep onset) (2) Cognitive function: (CNS vital signs online neuropsychological assessment) (3) Quality of life: (Quality of Life after Brain Injury questionnaire) |
None |
I: baseline; 6-week intervention C: baseline; 6-week intervention |
I: 16.67% C: 16.67% T: 16.67% |
| 4 | Nguyen et al., 2017 [34] | Randomized controlled trial |
T: 24 (33.3) I: 13 (30.8) C: 11 (36.4) |
I: 45.53 (13.87) C: 41.90 (12.95) T: 43.87 (12.95) |
77 days to 20.47 years) I: 759.15 (714.23) days C: 2093.36 (2192.62) days |
I: Mild: 4 Moderate: 1 Severe: 8 C: Mild: 1 Moderate: 1 Severe: 9 |
(1) Sleep disturbance (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity, Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale) (2) Fatigue: (Brief Fatigue Inventory, Fatigue Severity Scale) (3) Psychological assessment: (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, anxiety and depression) |
None |
I: baseline 2-month intervention; 2-month follow-ups C: baseline; 2 months; 2-month follow-ups |
I: 0% C: 0% T: 0% |
| 5 | Potter et al., 2016 [25] | Randomized controlled trial |
T: 46 (45.7) I: 26 (42.3) C: 20 (50.0) |
I: 40.1 (10.3) C: 43.1 (13.1) T: 41.4 (11.6) |
I: 6–12 months: 6 >12, ≤24 months: 6 >24 months: 14 C: 6–12 months: 7 >12, ≤24 months: 3 >24 months: 10 |
I: Mild: 12 Moderate: 7 Severe: 6 C: Mild: 6 Moderate: 5 Severe: 14 |
(1) TBI symptom (Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire, Brain Injury Community Rehabilitation Outcome Scale, Impact of Event Scale) (2) Psychological assessment: (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Anxiety and Depression State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2) (3) Pain and fatigue (McGill Pain Questionnaire, Checklist of Individual Strength) (4) Quality of life: (Quality of Life Assessment Schedule, European Quality of Life) |
None |
I: baseline 12-week intervention C: baseline; 12-week intervention |
I: 3.85% C: 0% T: 2.17% |
| 6 | Kjeldgaard et al., 2014 [24] | Randomized controlled trial |
T: 90 (55.6) I: 45 C: 45 |
T: 34 (11.3) | Not mentioned |
T: Mild: 90 |
(1) Pain and headache (basic headache diary, pressure pain thresholds) (2) TBI symptom (Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire) (3) Psychological assessment (Symptom Checklist) (4) Quality of life (36-item Short Form Health Survey) |
None |
I: baseline; 16-week intervention C: baseline; 16-week intervention |
I: 22.22% C: 17.78% T: 20.00% |
| 7 | Lah et al., 2019 [32] | Case report | T: 5 (20.0) | T: 11.8 (0.8) | T: 7.4 (2.9) years | Moderate: 2 Severe: 3 |
(1) Sleep quality (sleep diaries, actigraphy watches, Insomnia Severity Index, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) (2) Fatigue (PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale) |
None | Baseline 4-week intervention 1-week follow-up |
After intervention T: 28.57% After follow-up T: 42.86% |
| 8 | Baker et al., 2018 [35] | Case report | T: 25 (32.0) | T: 29 | T: 1 month-10 years (average 26 months) | Mild: 25 | (1) Pain and headache (migraine frequency, duration, and severity) (2) Quality of life (3) Occupational assessment (current deployment and duty status) |
None | Baseline 2-year follow-up |
T: 0% |
| 9 | Lu et al., 2016 [31] | Case report | T: 3 (66.7) |
T: 53.7 (10.1) Case 1: 60 Case 2: 42 Case 3: 59 |
Case 1: 6 years Case 2: 2 years Case 3: 1 year |
Case 1: Mild Case 2: Moderate Case 3: Severe |
1. Sleep quality (Insomnia Severity Index, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale–Brief Version) 2. Pain (Brief Pain Inventory) (3) Psychological assessment (the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): anxiety; depression) (4) Fatigue (Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue-Global Fatigue Index) |
None | Baseline 4-week intervention 1-3-month follow-up |
T: 0% |
| 10 | Ouellet and Morin, 2007 [29] | Case report | T: 11 (45.5) | T: 27.3 (8.5) | T: 27.5 (9.7) months | Mild: 1 Mild-moderate: 2 Moderate: 2 Moderate-severe: 3 Severe: 3 |
(1) Sleep quality (sleep diary, Insomnia Severity Index, Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale) (2) Fatigue (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory) (3) Psychological assessment (Beck Depression/Anxiety Inventory) |
None | Baseline 8-10-week intervention 1-3-month follow-up |
T: 0% |
| 11 | Gurr and Coetzer, 2005 [27] | Case report | T: 41 (31.7) |
T: 44.05 Range: 22-78 |
T: 78.7 (108.3) months | Mild: 18 Moderate: 7 Severe: 16 |
(1) Pain and headache (Headache Disability Inventory, Headache Needs Assessment, Chronic Pain Index) (2) Quality of life (Nottingham Health Profile) (3) Psychological assessment (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) |
None | Baseline 14-15-week interventions 12-13-week follow-up |
T: 51.2% |
| 12 | Ouellet and Morin, 2004 [30] | Single-case study | T: 1 (0) | T: late thirties | 1 year | Moderate | (1) Sleep disturbance (sleep diary, polysomnography data, Insomnia Severity Index, Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale) (2) Psychological assessment (Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory) |
None | Baseline 8 weeks of CBT 1-month follow-up 3-month follow-up |
T: 0 |