Table 3.

Number of Medications Used in No Opioids and Opioids Groups^a,b

Variable	No opioids group		P value	Opioids group		P value
	Admission	Dismissal		Admission	Dismissal
Anticonvulsants	0.36±0.616	0.13±0.42	.09	0.71±0.65	0.17±0.461	<.0001
Antidepressants	1.81±0.696	1.0±0.173	<.0001	1.84±0.752	1.05±0.265	<.0001
Barbiturates	0.06±0.237	0.04±0.207	.97	0.02±0.153	0.04±0.187	.98
Benzodiazepines	0.31±0.495	0.66±0.65	.001	0.03±0.17	0.02±0.15	<.0001
Stimulants	0.01±0.121	0.01±0.121	.99	0.08±0.387	0.08±0.387	.99
Triptans	0.16±0.409	0.06±0.293	.32	0.12±0.361	0.07±0.339	.82
Cannabinoids	0	0	NA	0.02±0.153	0.02±0.153	.35
NSAIDs	0.81±0.885	0.48±0.72	.09	0.92±0.934	0.57±0.68	.03
Opioids	0	0	NA	1.4±0.76	0.13±0.422	<.0001
Corticosteroids	0.04±0.207	0.01±0.121	.77	0.07±0.259	0	.05
Antiemetics	0.13±0.42	0.16±0.476	.98	0.36±0.593	0.34±0.566	.99
Antispasmodics	0.09±0.286	0	.07	0.07±0.302	0	.12
Muscle relaxants	0.16±0.507	0.10±0.306	.89	0.42±0.54	0.35±0.525	.77
Supplements/vitamins	1.72±2.265	0.37±0.944	.0004	2.11±2.574	0.41±1.271	<.0001
Topical	0.16±0.409	0.19±0.395	.99	0.46±0.664	0.43±0.715	.99
Total No. of medications	7.33±3.405	3.85±1.91	<.0001	10.7±4.179	6.4±2.879	<.0001
Total OMEs	0	0	NA	60.33±65.82	2.14±7.95	<.0001
Total LMEs	0.65±1.349	0.09±0.728	.35	2.23±3.441	0.17±0.717	<.0001

^aLME, lorazepam milligram equivalent; NA, not applicable; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OME, oral morphine equivalent.

^bData are presented as mean ± SD.