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. 2021 Nov 5;12:760331. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.760331

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Copyright © 2021 Ouyang, Li, Guo, Zhang, Cheng, Yi and Zhu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The effects of the active flavonoids luteolin, luteoloside, and apigenin attenuated monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced gouty arthritis of rats. Representative images of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining (A) of synovial tissue 48 h post injection in (a) control-vehicle; (b) MSU-vehicle (Model); (c) MSU-colchicine; (d) MSU-luteolin at 30 mg/kg; (e) MSU-luteolin at 60 mg/kg; (f) MSU-luteoloside at 30 mg/kg; (g) MSU-luteoloside at 60 mg/kg; (h) MSU-apigenin at 30 mg/kg; (i) MSU-apigenin at 60 mg/kg. The black arrow indicates the inflammatory infiltration in synovial tissue. Scale bar was equal to 50 μm. (B) The inflammatory score of synovial tissue based on H&E staining (n = 4). (C) The joint swelling at different time points. (D) Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels. (E) Serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels.