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. 2021 Nov 5;12:760331. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.760331

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Copyright © 2021 Ouyang, Li, Guo, Zhang, Cheng, Yi and Zhu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The effects of the active flavonoids luteolin, luteoloside, and apigenin on the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β expression, and TNF-α levels in MSU crystal-induced Raw264.7 cells (n = 4). The representative western bands are shown in panel (A). The changes in TLR4 (B), MyD88 (C), pNF-κB (D), NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) (E), pro caspase-1 (F), and pro-IL-1β (G) are shown as histograms. (H) TNF-α levels by ELISA assay. ^# p < 0.05 and ^## p < 0.01 vs. control group; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. model group.