Table 2.
Older adult poverty incidence within subgroups of independent or control variables (n = 9,910).
| Item | Total | Older adult poverty n (%) | χ2 | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | Yes | No | ||||
| Control variables | Gender | 0.1 | 0.743 | |||
| Male | 4,880 (49.2) | 1,080 (22.1) | 3,800 (77.9) | |||
| Female | 5,030 (50.8) | 1,127 (22.4) | 3,903 (77.6) | |||
| Age | 25.0 | <0.001 | ||||
| 60-75 | 8,193 (82.7) | 1,903 (23.2) | 6,290 (76.8) | |||
| >75 | 1,717 (17.3) | 304 (17.7) | 1,413 (82.3) | |||
| Education | 93.6 | <0.001 | ||||
| no formal education | 3,476 (35.1) | 865 (24.9) | 2,611 (75.1) | |||
| elementary school and below | 4,381 (44.2) | 1,019 (23.3) | 3,362 (76.7) | |||
| middle school | 1,321 (13.3) | 250 (18.9) | 1,071 (81.1) | |||
| high school and above | 732 (7.4) | 73 (10.0) | 659 (90.0) | |||
| Marital status | 29.1 | <0.001 | ||||
| Married | 7,772 (78.4) | 1,639 (21.1) | 6,133 (78.9) | |||
| Unmarried | 2,138 (21.6) | 568 (26.6) | 1,570 (73.4) | |||
| Residence | 369.0 | <0.001 | ||||
| urban community | 3,930 (39.7) | 486 (12.4) | 3,444 (87.6) | |||
| rural village | 5,980 (60.3) | 1,721 (28.8) | 4,259 (71.2) | |||
| Independent variables | Early death of mother | 9.4 | <0.01 | |||
| No | 9,055 (91.4) | 1,981 (21.9) | 7,074 (78.1) | |||
| Yes | 855 (8.6) | 226 (26.4) | 629 (73.6) | |||
| Early death of father | 22.4 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 8,609 (86.9) | 1,851 (21.5) | 6,758 (78.5) | |||
| Yes | 1,301 (13.1) | 356 (27.4) | 945 (72.6) | |||
| Parental divorce | 1.8 | 0.184 | ||||
| No | 9,825 (99.1) | 2,183 (22.2) | 7,642 (77.8) | |||
| Yes | 85 (0.9) | 24 (28.2) | 61 (71.8) | |||
| Female guardian getting upset | 45.9 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 5,371 (54.2) | 1,336 (24.9) | 4,035 (75.1) | |||
| Yes | 4,539 (45.8) | 871 (19.2) | 3,668 (80.8) | |||
| Male guardian getting upset | 30.6 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 8,210 (82.8) | 1,742 (21.2) | 6,468 (78.8) | |||
| Yes | 1,700 (17.2) | 465 (27.4) | 1,235 (72.6) | |||
| Relationship with female guardian | 11.8 | <0.01 | ||||
| Poor | 95 (1.0) | 35 (36.8) | 60 (63.2) | |||
| Good | 9,815 (99.0) | 2,172 (22.1) | 7,643 (77.9) | |||
| Relationship with male guardian | 2.8 | 0.096 | ||||
| Poor | 115 (1.2) | 33 (28.7) | 82 (71.3) | |||
| Good | 9,795 (98.8) | 2,174 (22.2) | 7,621 (77.8) | |||
| Parental quarrel | 47.0 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 3,781 (38.2) | 980 (25.9) | 2,801 (74.1) | |||
| Yes | 6,129 (61.8) | 1,227 (20.0) | 4,902 (80.0) | |||
| Witnessing violence of father to mother | 26.7 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 8,438 (85.1) | 1,803 (21.4) | 6,635 (78.6) | |||
| Yes | 1,472 (14.9) | 404 (27.4) | 1,068 (72.6) | |||
| Witnessing violence of mother to father | 9.5 | <0.01 | ||||
| No | 9,554 (96.4) | 2,104 (22.0) | 7,450 (78.0) | |||
| Yes | 356 (3.6) | 103 (28.9) | 253 (71.1) | |||