Table 3.

Associations between ACEs and depression.

Variables		OR	95% CI
Early death of mother (Ref no.)	Yes	1.1	0.96–1.31
Early death of father (Ref no.)	Yes	1.3***	1.12–1.45
Parental divorce (Ref no.)	Yes	1.2	0.78–1.98
Female guardian getting upset (Ref no.)	Yes	1.1*	1.01–1.24
Male guardian getting upset (Ref no.)	Yes	1.8***	1.60–2.05
Relationship with female guardian (Ref poor.)	Good	0.5***	0.30–0.71
Relationship with male guardian (Ref poor.)	Good	0.6**	0.37–0.82
Parental quarrel (Ref no.)	Yes	0.9*	0.81–0.99
Witnessing violence of father to mother (Ref no.)	Yes	1.4***	1.20–1.57–
Witnessing violence of mother to father (Ref no.)	Yes	1.1	0.90–1.47
Constant		1.2

^* p < 0.05,

^** p < 0.01,

^***p < 0.001.

OR (odds ratio) stands for the relative risk, the independent variable is a risk factor if OR > 1 or a protective factor if OR <1.

95% CI (95% Confidence Interval) denotes the confidence interval estimates the range of the OR-value with confidence level of 95%.