Table 4.
Older adult poverty models on ACEs, depression, and control variables.
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
| Early death of mother (Ref no.) | Yes | 1.2* | 1.02–1.42 | 1.2 | 0.97–1.36 | 1.2* | 1.01–1.41 | 1.1 | 0.97–1.36 |
| Early death of father (Ref no.) | Yes | 1.4*** | 1.22–1.60 | 1.3*** | 1.15–1.52 | 1.43*** | 1.20–1.57 | 1.3*** | 1.13–1.50 |
| Parental divorce (Ref no.) | Yes | 1.5 | 0.91–2.40 | 1.4 | 0.87–2.34 | 1.5 | 0.90–2.37 | 1.4 | 0.86–2.33 |
| Female guardian getting upset (Ref no.) | Yes | 0.6*** | 0.57–0.72 | 0.6*** | 0.56–0.71 | 0.6*** | 0.56–0.71 | 0.6*** | 0.55–0.70 |
| Male guardian getting upset (Ref no.) | Yes | 1.7*** | 1.48–1.96 | 1.5*** | 1.32–1.77 | 1.6*** | 1.40–1.85 | 1.5*** | 1.27–1.70 |
| Relationship with female guardian (Ref poor.) | Good | 0.6* | 0.36–0.88 | 0.6* | 0.37–0.93 | 0.6* | 0.39–0.96 | 0.6* | 0.39–0.97 |
| Relationship with male guardian (Ref poor.) | Good | 0.9 | 0.59–1.42 | 0.9 | 0.57–1.41 | 1.0 | 0.63–1.51 | 0.9 | 0.60–1.47 |
| Parental quarrel (Ref no.) | Yes | 0.7*** | 0.67–0.83 | 0.8*** | 0.69–0.86 | 0.7*** | 0.67–0.83 | 0.8*** | 0.69–0.86 |
| Witnessing violence of father to mother (Ref no.) | Yes | 1.4*** | 1.20–1.62 | 1.3*** | 1.12–1.52 | 1.4*** | 1.17–1.57 | 1.3** | 1.10–1.49 |
| Witnessing violence of mother to father (Ref no.) | Yes | 1.1 | 0.86–1.46 | 1.1 | 0.85–1.45 | 1.1 | 0.85–1.44 | 1.1 | 0.84–1.44 |
| Gender (Ref male.) | Female | 0.9 | 0.84–1.04 | 0.9* | 0.80–0.99 | ||||
| Age (Ref 60–75.) | >75 | 0.6*** | 0.55–0.74 | 0.7*** | 0.57–0.76 | ||||
| Education (Ref no formal education.) | Elementary school and below | 0.9 | 0.84–1.07 | 1.0 | 0.85–1.07 | ||||
| Middle school | 0.8 | 0.71–1.00 | 0.9 | 0.72–1.03 | |||||
| High school and above | 0.5*** | 0.39–0.66 | 0.5*** | 0.40–0.69 | |||||
| Marital status (Ref married.) | Unmarried | 1.5*** | 1.34–1.71 | 1.5*** | 1.31–1.67 | ||||
| Residence (Ref urban community.) | Rural village | 2.5*** | 2.26–2.84 | 2.5*** | 2.20–2.77 | ||||
| Depression (Ref no.) | Yes | 1.6*** | 1.45–1.78 | 1.4*** | 1.27–1.57 | ||||
| Constant | 0.6 | 0.4** | 0.5* | 0.3*** | |||||
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001.
OR (odds ratio) stands for the relative risk, the independent variable is a risk factor if OR > 1 or a protective factor if OR <1.
95% CI (95% Confidence Interval) denotes the confidence interval estimates the range of the OR-value with confidence level of 95% Model 1 showed the association between ACEs and older adult poverty.
Model 2 added control variables based on Model 1.
Model 3 added depression based on Model 1.
Model 4 added control variables based on Model 3.