TABLE 1.
Significant mammary organoid studies with associated protocol details.
| Study (Year) | Source of organoid | Type of matrix | Technique | Significance of study |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simian et al. (2001) | Normal mouse mammary glands and mammary epithelial cell lines | Type I Collagen | Organoids embedded in collagen gels | Provided evidence for role of matrix metalloproteinases in mammary epithelial branching |
| Lee et al. (2007) | Human breast cell lines, either normal or malignant | Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm extracellular matrix extract, Matrigel | Embedded assay with layering method, 3D on-top assay | Describes different techniques for 3D culture assays |
| Ewald et al. (2008) | Transgenic mouse mammary glands | Matrigel | Suspension of organoids in Matrigel | Demonstrated common branching mechanisms of branching morphogenesis in mammary epithelial cells |
| Nguyen-Ngoc et al. (2015) | Normal mouse mammary glands | Both Matrigel and Collagen I | Several protocols for different ECMs | Provides examples of outcomes of various types of assays with different ECMs |
| Sachs et al. (2018) | Human breast cancer tissue | Basement Membrane Extract | Cells suspended in basement membrane extract drops | Established a biobank of breast cancer organoids |
| Djomehri et al. (2019) | Malignant mouse mammary tissue, immortalized cell lines | Matrigel | Hanging drop array | Demonstrated scaffold-free technique |
| Mazzucchelli et al. (2019) | Human breast cancer tissue | Matrigel | Seeding of organoids in Matrigel droplets | Described novel technique for isolating patient-derived organoids from surgical and biopsy specimens |
| Chen et al. (2019) | Normal human breast tissue | Matrigel | Growth of organoids from mammospheres in low-attachment plates | Described isolation of progenitor cell-generated organoids |
| Mollica et al. (2019) | Normal human and rat mammary tissue | Decellularized rat or human breast tissue utilized to form hydrogels | Bioprinting technique | Developed 3D bioprinted organoids with significant reproducibility |
| Dekkers et al. (2021) | Human normal and breast cancer tissue | Basement Membrane Extract | Tissue suspended in basement membrane extract and plated in drops | Demonstrated long-term culture of normal and breast cancer organoids |
| Pan et al. (2021) | Human malignant pleural effusion | Basement Membrane Extract | Pleural effusion specimen centrifuged, suspended in basement membrane extract, and placed suspension plate | Successfully expanded pleural effusion-derived triple negative BC organoids |