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. 2021 Nov 5;12:743559. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.743559

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Copyright © 2021 Martínez-Méndez, Mendoza, Villarreal and Huerta

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Dynamics of master transcription factors and interleukin production by effector cells under optimal antigenic recognition and low-level activity of CTLA-4: (A) Th1 profile: Sustained expression of T-bet and INF-gamma production, (B) Th2 profile: Sustained expression of GATA3 and IL-4 production, (C) Th17 profile: Sustained expression of RORγT, as well as Il-17 and IL-21 production. (D) The Th1, Th2, and Th17 phenotypes display an initial transient OXPHOS phase and then a stable glycolytic metabolism. (E) Treg profile: Sustained expression of Foxp3 and dimeric CTLA-4 with joint production of IL-10 and TGF-β. (F) Treg displays an initial transient OXPHOS phase followed by glycolytic metabolism; however, with the course of time this is replaced by a metabolism based on OXPHOS.