Table 1.
Summary of all studies included in the meta-analysis (Ns = 26)
| First author (Publication date) | Study year | Publication type | Study design | Country | Population type | Number of PLHIV included | Age | Comparator method | Sampling method | Interview type | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | |||||||||||
| Hladik (2016) [27] | 2012–2013 | Journal article | Cross-sectional | Uganda | MSM | 79 | ≥ 18 | VLSa | RDS | Self-administered | 2 |
| Kim (2016) [28] | 2012–2013 | Journal article | Cross-sectional | Kenya | General population | 599 | 15–64 | ARV | 2-stage cluster sampling | FTFI | 3 |
| Rohr (2017) [29–31] | 2014–2015 | Journal article | Cohort (analysis on baseline data) | South Africa | General population | 1048 | ≥ 40 | ARV | Randomised-sample | FTFI | 3 |
| Simms (2017) [32] | 2013–2015 | Journal article | Cross-sectional | Zimbabwe | Children/adolescents | 66 | 8–17 | ARV | Randomised-sample | FTFI | 2 |
| Doshi (2018) [16] | 2012 | Journal article | Cross-sectional | Uganda | FSW | 341 | 15–49 | VLSa | RDS | Self-administered | 2 |
| Fogel (2019) [33, 34] | 2015–2016 | Journal article | Cohort (analysis on baseline data) | Kenya; Malawi; South Africa | M/TW SM | 183 | 18–44 | ARV | Convenience sample | FTFI | 3 |
| Hakim (2018) [18] | 2014–2015 | Journal article | Cross-sectional | Mali | MSM | 79 | ≥ 18 | VLSa | RDS | FTFI | 3 |
| Mooney (2018) [35] | 2014 | Journal article | Cross-sectional | South Africa | General population (male and female) | 317 (109, 208) | 18–49 | ARV | 2-stage cluster sampling | FTFI | 3 |
| MPHIA (2018) [36] | 2015–2016 | Report | Cross-sectional | Malawi | General population (male and female) | 2202 (707, 1495) | ≥ 15 | ARV, VLSa | 2-stage cluster sampling | FTFI | 2 |
| THIS (2018) [37] | 2016–2017 | Report | Cross-sectional | Tanzania | General population (male and female) | 1816 (561, 1255) | ≥ 15 | ARV, VLSa | 2-stage cluster sampling | FTFI | 2 |
| DHS Mozambique (2019) [38] | 2015 | Report | Cross-sectional | Mozambique | General population (male and female) | 1162, 471 | 15–59 | ARV, VLSa | 2-stage cluster sampling | FTFI | 3 |
| SHIMS2 (2019) [39] | 2016–2017 | Report | Cross-sectional | Swaziland | General population (male and female) | 2997 (972, 2025) | ≥ 15 | ARV, VLSa | 2-stage cluster sampling | FTFI | 2 |
| ZAMPHIA (2019) [40] | 2015–2016 | Report | Cross-sectional | Zambia | General population (male and female) | 1196 (2438, 770) | ≥ 15 | ARV, VLSa | 2-stage cluster sampling | FTFI | 2 |
| Oceania | |||||||||||
| Hakim (2019) [17] | 2016 | Journal article | Cross-sectional | Papua New Guinea | M/TW SM, FSW | 15, 15, 94 | > 12 | VLSa | RDS | FTFI | 2 |
| North America | |||||||||||
| McCusker (1992) [41] | 1987–1989 | Journal article | Cross-sectional | USA | PWID | 38 | – | Previous survey | Convenience sample | FTFI | 0 |
| Latkin (1998) [42] | 1991–1994 | Journal article | Cohort (analysis on baseline data) | USA | PWID | 104 | ≥ 18 | Previous survey | Convenience sample | FTFI | 2 |
| Marzinke (2014) [11] | 2009–2011 | Journal article | Trial (analysis on baseline data) | USA | Black MSM | 340 | – | ARV + VLSa, VLSa | Convenience sample | Self-administered | 3 |
| Bai (2014) [43] | 2010–2013 | Journal article | Cross-sectional | USA | Inmates (male and female) | 43 (7, 36) | ≥ 16 | Medical records | Venue-based sampling | FTFI | 2 |
| Madera (2014) [44] | 2009–2013 | Conference abstract | Cross-sectional | USA | General population | 135 | – | Medical records | Convenience sample | FTFI | 2 |
| Sanchez (2014) [12] | 2010–2012 | Journal article | Cohort | USA | MSM | 237 | 18–39 | ARV, Medical records, VLSa | Venue-based and convenience sample | Self-administered | 3 |
| An (2016) [45] | 2012–2013 | Journal article | Cross-sectional | USA | General population (male and female) | 498 (336, 162) | ≥ 18 | Medical records | Venue-based sampling | Self-administered | 3 |
| German (2016) [46] | 2008 | Conference abstract | Cross-sectional | USA | MSM | 147 | ≥ 18 | ARV | Venue-based sampling | FTFI | 2 |
| German (2017) [47] | 2011, 2012, 2014 | Conference abstract | Cross-sectional | USA | MSM, PWID | 175, 132 | ≥ 18 | ARV | Venue-based sampling (MSM), RDS (PWID) | FTFI | 2 |
| Stenger (2018) [48] | 2015–2017 | Conference abstract | Cross-sectional | USA | MSM | 23,474 | – | Medical records | Convenience sample | FTFI | 1 |
| Hoots (2019) [49, 50] | 2014 | Journal article | Cross-sectional | USA | MSM | 1818 | ≥ 18 | ARV, VLSb | Venue-based sampling | FTFI | 2 |
| Multiple locations | |||||||||||
| Fogel (2019) [51] | 2015–2016 | Journal article | Trial (analysis on baseline data) | Indonesia; Ukraine; Vietnam | PWID | 482 | 18–60 | ARV | Convenience sample | FTFI | 3 |
ARV antiretroviral, DHS demographic and health survey, FSW female sex workers, FTFI face-to-face interview, MPHIA Malawi population-based HIV impact assessment, MSM men who have sex with men, M/TW SM men and transgender women who have sex with men, PLHIV people living with HIV, PWID people who inject drugs, RDS respondent-driven sampling, SHIMS2 Swaziland HIV incidence measurement survey 2, THIS Tanzania HIV impact survey, USA United States of America, VLS viral load suppression, ZAMPHIA Zambia population-based HIV impact assessment, P poor quality (score 0–1), M medium quality (score 2–3), G good quality (score 4)
aViral suppression defined as < 1000 copies/mL
bViral suppression defined as < 893 copies/mL