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. 2021 Nov 18;6:75. doi: 10.1038/s41536-021-00185-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Representative labelling for pan-astrocyte marker (GFAP; red) and mature astrocyte marker (S100β; green) in the cortex of pig at day 4. A NG showed strong S100β labelling co-localised to GFAP (arrowheads). These mature astrocytes demonstrate strong interaction of end-feet enveloping the length of neurovasculature. B FGR displayed intense thickened process labelling around the vasculature, indicative of reactive state. Less frequent S100β labelling was observed in the cortex as well as at the vasculature specifically. GFAP labelling along the vasculature was more sporadic and uneven when compared with NG. C FGR + cECFC displayed mature astrocytic labelling comparable to NG, with astrocyte end-feet displaying more contact with vasculature. D NG cECFC treated showed no alteration in cell count or morphology. E Co-localisation analysis demonstrated a decrease in GFAP-positive vessel coverage in FGR brain compared with NG. F The reduction in S100β cell counts in FGR was ameliorated following cECFC treatment. G Quantification of S100β-GFAP positive cells interacting with the vasculature confirmed a significant decrease in FGR relative to NG. FGR + cECFC displayed similar numbers of S100β-GFAP positive cells interacting with the vasculature to that observed in NG. All values are expressed as mean ± SEM (minimum n = 5 for all groups). Two-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test (*p < 0.05) (Scale bars: 50 µm).