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. 2021 Nov 18;12:6694. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26988-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a When a larval zebrafish swims forward with respect to its visual environment (left), the environment moves backwards with respect to the fish (right). Variables expressed in motor coordinates, such as tail movement and resulting position or velocity of the swimming larva, are presented in green. Variables expressed in sensory (visual) coordinates, such as observed position or velocity of the visual environment, are presented in magenta. This color-code is used throughout the figures. b Change in position and velocity of a swimming fish with respect to its visual environment (left) and of the environment with respect to the swimming fish (right). In all figures, decrease of environment position and velocity along the y-axis means that fish progresses forward with respect to the environment. Swimming-elicited change in environmental velocity is referred hereafter as visual reafference, in contrast with externally-generated changes in velocity, referred as exafference. c Behavioral rig (left) and schematics of the closed-loop experimental assay (right) used to induce OMR and to provide visual reafference to the fish. Scale bar: 1 mm. d Raw data recorded during one experimental trial. b, d vertical shaded bars indicate swimming bouts.