Table 2.

Guidelines for credentialing from 8 institutions.

Authors	Year	Participants	Method	Surgical subspecialty	Residency requirements	Provisional privileges	Independent privileges	Proctorship
Erickson et al.	2012	15 hospitals	Survey	Gynecology	Industry-sponsored training Program director attestation letter Robotic case list Minimum number of 5 console cases during residency	Proctored cases after residency (number not specified)	Not specified	Not specified
Ballantyne et al.	2002	2 hospitals	Review of hospital instituted processes derived from SAGES guidelines	General surgery	Board certification Open privileges for same robotic procedure Completion of an accredited residency or FDA mandated training course	Proctoring of first 4–10 cases	Ongoing monitoring of robotic surgery outcomes	Not specified
Bhora et al.	2016	Institutional experience, informal discussion between robotic experts	Literature review	Thoracic surgery	Medical degree or equivalent Open/MIS for same robotic procedure Program director attestation letter Robotic case list Minimum number of 20 console cases during residency Completion of an accredited residency or FDA mandated training course Documentation of suitable number of open/MIS cases for same robotic procedure	Minimum 10 proctored cases	Minimum 10 non-proctored cases per year with good outcomes Ongoing monitoring by dept. QA/QI committee	Minimum 25 non-proctored robotic cases with good outcomes
Green et al.	2020	Application of principles and structure “Surgical Privileging and Credentialing: A Report of a Discussion and Study Group of the American Surgical Association”	Descriptive study	General surgery, gynecological oncology	Completion of an accredited residency or FDA mandated training course	Minimum 3 proctored cases	Minimum 20 cases over 12–24 months with no absence cases longer than 4 months Review of case outcomes by robotic steering committee in first 12 months or sooner if there are adverse events	Not specified
Estes et al.	2017	1 academic university medical center	Descriptive study of institution experience and processes on development and implementation of a robotics program	OBGYN, ENT, General Surgery, Thoracic surgery	Residency/ fellowship attestation letter Robotics case list Board certification Open privileges for same robotic procedure Robotic case list Minimum number of 20 console cases during residency	Minimum 2 proctored cases	Minimum 6 cases per year First 5 robotic cases should be reviewed Ongoing monitoring of competency and case volume requirements by dept. chair for renewing robotic privileges	Not specified
Lenihan et al.	2011	Multidisciplinary committee at 1 hospital	Report of credential program based on aviation model and guidelines from survey and experienced robotic surgeons	OBGYN, Urology, General surgery, Cardiology, Anesthesia, medical staff	Completion of an accredited residency or FDA mandated training course	Minimum 3 proctored cases Initial cases should be done within 60 days after training	Minimum 20–24 cases per year with at least 1 case every 8 weeks First 5 cases should be reviewed 12–15 simple cases should be done before attempting advanced cases	Minimum of 40 non-proctored robotic cases
AAGL	2014	Advancing minimally invasive gynecology worldwide	Guidelines from current clinical evidence, expert opinion, and institutional experience	Gynecology	Board certification Open privileges for same robotic procedure Completion of an accredited residency or FDA mandated training course	Minimum 2 proctored cases Initial cases should be done within 2 months after training	Minimum 20 cases per year First 5 cases should be reviewed Minimum 15 successful basic cases without complications before attempting advanced cases	Minimum 50 non-proctored robotic cases Approved by robotics review committee and/or hospital board
Gross et al.	2016	14 training centers	Proposal of standardized guidelines, or “best practices, for ENT robotic surgeons	ENT	Completion of an accredited residency or FDA mandated training course	Minimum 2–10 proctored cases	Minimum 20 cases per year First 5–10 cases should be reviewed Minimum 15 successful basic cases without complications before attempting advanced cases Ongoing monitoring and minimum case volume	Minimum 20–40 non-proctored robotic cases