Fig. 3. O304 ameliorates hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in aged mice.

a Timeline in months (mo) for mice fed CD or O304-0.25 and O304-0.5, respectively, from 12 months of age. b–d Fasted glucose (b), and insulin (c), levels as well as HOMA-IR (d) calculations (based on glucose and insulin levels in (b) and (c)), in mice fed CD (n = 9–10), O304-0.25 (n = 8–10) or O304-0.5 (n = 5–10) before start and at 1 and 6 months of diet. e [¹⁸F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose ([¹⁸F]-FDG) levels in gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis muscles isolated from mice fed CD (n = 8) or O304-0.5 (n = 8–9) at 6 months of diet. (f), Quantification of p-ACC-Ser ⁷⁹, TXNIP, p-TBC1D1-Ser²³¹, and p-AS160, protein levels by western blot analyses of extracts from gastrocnemius muscle in mice fed CD (n = 9) or O304-0.5 (n = 7) at 6 months of diet. In (b–d) statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA/Kruskal–Wallis test and in (e–f) by Student t-test. Data are presented as mean±s.d. were *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, and ***P ≤ 0.001 between CD and O304-0.25 and O304-0.5, respectively, and between O304-0.25 and O304-0.5 at time points indicated in the figure.