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. 2021 Nov 18;11:22531. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01282-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

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(a) Formation of clusters: the nanoparticles, which have aggregated in conglomerates in solution, are forming bigger clusters during casting the solution and evaporation of solvent. (b) Snowflake formation: individual nanoparticles and nanoparticles in small conglomerates aggregate during solvent evaporation.