Figure 1.

Inflammatory/Cytokine signaling regulated by UPR. Upon ER stress, the ER chaperone BiP dissociates from its complex with IRE1, PERK and ATF6 which results in the activation of the three arms of the UPR pathway as shown in the figure. All the three arms of the UPR regulates the production of inflammatory cytokines via different mechanisms which converge on NF-κB activation. PERK also regulates TXNIP through the induction of ATF5 which in turn modulates NLRP3 inflammasome resulting in enhanced inflammation. Calcium disruption induced ER stress activates STING pathway resulting in the production of IFN-1.