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. 2021 Nov 5;9:740758. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.740758

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Copyright © 2021 Badanjak, Mulica, Smajic, Delcambre, Tranchevent, Diederich, Rauen, Schwamborn, Glaab, Cowley, Antony, Pereira, Venegas and Grünewald.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cytokine expression in bulk RNA-seq and single-nuclei RNA-seq datasets. (A) Bulk analysis of SN tissue displays higher expression of IL1B and IL10 in IPD (FDR = 0.023; FDR = 0.0067). (B) Single-nuclei analysis of the human midbrain shows that the overall expression of cytokines is higher in microglia (3903 cells) than in neurons (5314 cells). (C) Cytokines are expressed in a large number of IPD and control microglia. Z-score-scaled average expression per cluster shows higher levels in IPD compared to control microglia. “DotPlot” function (Seurat package) was used to visualize expression and percentage of cytokine-expressing cells. ^∗p < 0.05; ^∗∗p < 0.01; IPD, idiopathic PD.